The GP 2 compiler translates a GP 2 program into executable C code. The generated code is executable with the support of the GP 2 library. There are two ways to set it up. You can build the compiler using make. However, the setup process is not guaranteed to be stable on all Linux machines, or on machines running MacOS or Windows. We therefore provide an installation via Docker as an alternative for Linux and MacOS.
To run the compiler, you need to install the C library Judy which you may find in your distribution's package manager. In the Ubuntu repositories, you can find it under libjudy-dev.
There are several ways to install the compiler:
- Pre-built - Use a version of the compiler that has already been built. This might not work correctly on every Linux distribution, but does work on Ubuntu 18.04 for instance.
- Build from source code - Follow the link for a guide on how to build the compiler yourself.
- Docker - Follow the link for instructions on how to install the compiler via Docker. This method is recommended for MacOS users.
- University of York - In the Department of Computer Science, the compiler is installed on most Linux machines.
Usage depends on which installation method you used:
- Pre-built - bash file usage
- Build from source code - usage guide, bash file usage
- Docker - bash file usage
- University of York - usage guide
For this section, we assume that we can run GP 2 programs with using the command gp2c <program_file> <graph_file>.
The program we'll look at is this:
This program computes the transitive closure of a graph. The transitive closure of a graph is the smallest extension of that graph that is transitive. A graph is transitive when for every pair of nodes v1, v2 with a path from v1 to v2, there is an edge directly from v1 to v2.
For example, this graph is not transitive:
There is a path from the left-most node to the right-most node but there is no edge directly from the left-most node to the right-most node. The purpose of the program we're looking at is the transform this graph into the smallest extension of this graph which is transitive.
Firstly, let's get this graph in a usable form. Try writing the graph out as:
[
(0, empty)
(1, empty)
(2, empty)
(3, empty)
|
(4, 0, 1, empty)
(5, 1, 2, empty)
(6, 2, 3, empty)
(7, 3, 0, empty)
]
What does this mean? Well the square brackets [ ... ] surround the entire graph's structure. Then the nodes are listed, for example; (0, empty) indicates that there is
a node which we will identify as node 0 and this node is unlabelled (its label is 'empty'). After the nodes are listed, there is a divider; |, and then edges are
listed. The edge (4, 0, 1, empty) describes an edge from node 0 to node 1 which is also unlabelled.
Save this graph as "cycle.host".
Try writing this program out in text form:
Main = link!
link(a, b, c, d, e : list)
[
(n1, a)
(n2, c)
(n3, e)
|
(e1, n1, n2, b)
(e2, n2, n3, d)
]
=>
[
(n1, a)
(n2, c)
(n3, e)
|
(e1, n1, n2, b)
(e2, n2, n3, d)
(e3, n1, n3, empty)
]
interface =
{
n1, n2, n3
}
where not edge(n1, n3)
and saving it as "transitive_closure.gp2". The general form of a program in text form is:
Main = [PROGRAM CODE]
[RULE 1]
[RULE 2]
[RULE 3]
And an individual rule is of the form:
[RULENAME]
(
[VARIABLES]
)
[LEFT HAND SIDE GRAPH]
=>
[RIGHT HAND SIDE GRAPH]
interface = { [INTERFACE] }
[CONDITION]
Where graphs are of the same form as the graph we saw earlier.
So what does our program mean? The only line of the main program is Main = link!. This ! means that the rule link will be applied as long as possible - e.g. it will be applied
until it is no longer applicable. Applying the rule link firstly searches for a match for its left hand side; 3 adjacent nodes where there is not an edge
from the 1st node to the 3rd node. Then, once a match is found, the left hand side is transformed into the right hand side by inserting an edge from the 1st
node to the 3rd node. The 'interface' describes which nodes survive; none of the 3 matched nodes n1, n2, n3 are deleted.
Now we can compile our program by calling:
gp2c PATH/TO/transitive_closure.gp2 PATH/TO/cycle.host
This will output the following graph:
Use gp2c with after you built the GP 2 compiler. Edit the variables at the top of the file. install_dir should be the path of the directory containing the built compiler, and source_dir the path of the compiler's source code. To use the compiler flags, add them to the command in step 2 of the bash file. Run the compiler as follows:
./gp2c <program> <input graph>
where <program> is the path to your GP 2 program, and <input graph> the path to your input graph.
These are the flags:
- -d - Compile program with debugging flags.
- -f - Compile in fast shutdown mode.
- -g - Compile with minimal garbage collection (requires fast shutdown).
- -m - Compile with root reflecting matches.
- -n - Compile without graph node lists.
- -q - Compile program quickly without optimisations.
- -l - Specify directory of lib source files.
- -o - Specify directory for generated code and program output.
Call gp2docker to use GP 2 via Docker. Use the flags by adding -e GP2_FLAGS='<flags>' inbetween data and registry, where <flags> is the string of flags you wish to use. Run GP 2 using the following command:
./gp2docker <program> <input graph>
where <program> is the path to your GP 2 program, and <input graph> the path to your input graph.
These are the flags:
- -d - Compile program with debugging flags.
- -f - Compile in fast shutdown mode.
- -g - Compile with minimal garbage collection (requires fast shutdown).
- -m - Compile with root reflecting matches.
- -n - Compile without graph node lists.
- -q - Compile program quickly without optimisations.
- -l - Specify directory of lib source files.
- -o - Specify directory for generated code and program output.
The GP 2 home page can be found here.
See the file LICENSE.
The GP 2 language was designed by Detlef Plump.
The GP 2 compiler and runtime library was developed by Christopher Bak. Recent improvements to the compiler were implemented by Graham Campbell and Jack Romo.