rsgain (really simple gain) is a ReplayGain 2.0 command line utility for Windows, macOS, Linux, BSD, and Android. rsgain applies loudness metadata tags to your files, while leaving the audio stream untouched. A ReplayGain-compatible player will dynamically adjust the volume of your tagged files during playback.
rsgain is designed with a "batteries included" philosophy, allowing a user to scan their entire music library without requiring external scripts or other tools. It aims to strike the perfect balance between power and simplicity by providing multiple user interfaces. See Usage for more information.
rsgain is the backend for the MusicBrainz Picard ReplayGain 2.0 plugin. Users that are not comfortable with command line interfaces may prefer this method since the plugin provides a GUI frontend to rsgain. See MusicBrainz Picard Plugin for more information.
Binary packages are available on the Release Page for Windows, macOS, and some Linux distributions. You can also build the program yourself, see BUILDING.
Download the ZIP file from the link below and extract its contents to a folder of your choice:
rsgain should be run on Windows 10 or later for full compatibility, but it can run on Windows versions as early as Vista with some caveats. See Windows Notes for more information.
It is recommended to add the directory to your Path system environment variable so you can invoke the program with the rsgain command instead of the path to its .exe file.
- Use Windows key + R to bring up the run box, then type
sysdm.cpland press enter - In the resulting window in the "Advanced" tab, click the "Environment variables" button.
- In the next window under "System variables", select "Path", then press "Edit".
- Add the folder that you extracted
rsgain.exeto.
rsgain is available in the Scoop extras bucket. Installing via Scoop enables you to receive automatic upgrades to future versions, unlike the manual installation method described above.
First, make sure you have enabled the extras bucket. Then, install using the command below:
scoop install extras/rsgainSeparate builds are available for Apple Silicon and Intel based Macs. Both require macOS 12 (Monterey) or later. Download and extract the correct version according to your hardware:
These builds are not digitally signed, and the macOS Gatekeeper will most likely block execution. To work around this, you can remove the quarantine bit using the command below:
xattr -d com.apple.quarantine /path/to/rsgain`Substitute /path/to/rsgain with the actual path on your system.
rsgain is available as an official Debian package starting in Debian 13 (Trixie) and Ubuntu 24.04 (noble). Install via apt:
sudo apt install rsgainThere is also a .deb package for Debian Bookworm available on the release page. Use the following commands to install:
wget https://github.com/complexlogic/rsgain/releases/download/v3.5/rsgain_3.5-1_amd64.deb
sudo apt install ./rsgain_3.5-1_amd64.debThe above package won't work on recent Ubuntu releases due to an FFmpeg ABI break.
rsgain is available in the AUR via the packages rsgain and rgsain-git. You can install with an AUR helper such as yay:
yay -S rsgainA package is available on the release page that is compatible with Fedora 39.
sudo dnf install https://github.com/complexlogic/rsgain/releases/download/v3.5/rsgain-3.5-1.x86_64.rpmrsgain is in nixpkgs. Some options:
- Run it without installing:
nix run nixpkgs#rsgain
- Install it in your Nix environment:
nix-env -f '<nixpkgs>' -iA rsgain - Add it to your NixOS configuration:
environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [ rsgain ];
An x86_64 static build is available that should run on recent releases of most GNU-based Linux distros (any distro shipping GCC 10 or later). Download the archive below and extract it to a directory of your choice:
Available via ports tree or using packages (2023Q1 and later) as listed below:
cd /usr/ports/audio/rsgain && make install clean
pkg install rsgainrsgain can be installed on Android devices via the Termux terminal emulator package manager:
pkg install rsgainThe repo contains a Dockerfile which can be used to run rsgain in a virtual environment. It will build a container based on the current Debian Stable release:
docker build -t rsgain https://github.com/complexlogic/rsgain.gitrsgain requires a relatively up-to-date operating system, so this method can be used to run rsgain on an older system if necessary.
A Docker container doesn't have access to the host filesystem by default. To use rsgain in a container, you need to mount your music library to a mount point in the container. Use the -v option followed by the path to your library and the mount point, separated by a colon. For example, if your music library is located at /path/to/library:
docker run -v /path/to/library:/mnt rsgain easy -m MAX /mntThe docker log to stdout updates too slowly for the scan progress bar. If you don't use multithreaded mode consider passing -q to silence the output.
rsgain supports all popular file formats. See the below table for compatibility. rsgain sorts files internally based on file extension, so it is required that your audio files match one of the extensions in the second column of the table in order to be recognized as valid.
| Format | Supported File Extension(s) |
|---|---|
| Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) | .aiff |
| Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) | .flac |
| Monkey's Audio | .ape |
| MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (MP2) | .mp2 |
| MPEG-1 Audio Layer III (MP3) | .mp3 |
| MPEG-4 Audio (AAC, ALAC)¹ | .m4a |
| Musepack (MPC)² | .mpc |
| Ogg (Vorbis, Speex, FLAC) | .ogg, .oga, .spx |
| Opus | .opus |
| Tom's lossless Audio Kompressor | .tak |
| Waveform Audio File Format (WAV) | .wav |
| Wavpack | .wv |
| Windows Media Audio (WMA) | .wma |
- Support for HE-AAC and xHE-AAC are available via the Fraunhofer FDK AAC library. For the static builds, the included FFmpeg was compiled with support, so no further action is required. For the dynamic builds, you will need to check if your build of FFmpeg was compiled with the '--enable-libfdk-aac' option, and compile it yourself if necessary
- Stream Version 8 (SV8) supported only. If you have files in the older SV7 format, you can convert them losslessly to SV8
rsgain contains two separate user interfaces: Easy Mode and Custom Mode. The distinction between the two modes is rooted in the history of ReplayGain utilities.
Legacy ReplayGain tagging utilities such as mp3gain did not support recursive directory-based scanning. The user was required to manually specify a list of files on the command line, preceded by options which were numerous and complex. This interface provided a lot of power and flexibility, but it wasn't particularly user friendly. Performing a full library scan typically required the user to supplement the program with a wrapper script that traversed the directory tree and detected the files.
rsgain's Easy Mode is that wrapper script; the functionality is built-in to the program. In Easy Mode, the user points the program to their library and it will be recursively scanned with all recommended settings enabled by default.
The legacy-style interface has been retained as "Custom Mode" for users that require a higher level of control. Custom Mode is mostly used for scripting.
Easy Mode recursively scans your entire music library using the recommended settings for each file type.
Easy Mode is invoked with the command rsgain easy followed by the root of the directory you want to scan:
rsgain easy /path/to/music/libraryrsgain easy "C:\path\to\music library"Easy Mode assumes that you have you have your music library organized by album, so that each album is contained in its own folder. The album gain calculations rely on this assumption. If you do not have your music library organized by album, you should disable the album tags because the calculated values will not be valid. rsgain ships with a scan preset which can disable the album tags for you; invoke it with -p no_album. See the Scan Presets section for more information about how the scan preset feature works.
Easy Mode includes optional multithreaded operation to speed up the duration of a scan. Use the -m option, followed by the number of threads to create. The number of threads must not exceed the number that your CPU supports. For example, if you have a CPU with 4 threads:
rsgain easy -m 4 /path/to/music/libraryIf you don't know how many threads your CPU has, you can also specify -m MAX and rsgain will use the number provided by your operating system. This is useful for writing scripts where the hardware properties of the target machine are unknown.
Parallel scan jobs are generated on a per-directory basis, not a per-file basis. If you request 4 threads but there is only 1 directory to scan, a single thread will be working and the other 3 will sit idle the entire time. Multithreaded mode is optimized for scanning a very large number of directories. It is recommended to use multithreaded mode for full library scans and the default single threaded mode when incrementally adding 1 or 2 albums to your library.
The speed gains offered by multithreaded scanning are significant. With -m 4 or higher, you can typically expect to see a 50-80% reduction in total scan time, depending on your hardware, settings, and library composition.
rsgain has an option which will skip files with existing ReplayGain information, invoked by passing -S or --skip-existing. When enabled, rsgain will check whether the given file has a REPLAYGAIN_TRACK_GAIN tag, and skip scanning any files that do. If album tags are enabled, the files in the list will be judged collectively, i.e. if a single file is missing ReplayGain info, then all of them will be scanned.
This feature merely checks for the existence of the tags, and does not verify that the tags are complete, and are compatible with your current settings, e.g. target loudness. You should use this feature only if you are confident in the integrity of the files in the directory to be scanned. It's generally not a good idea to run this on files that you've recently download from the internet, which may have pre-existing ReplayGain information that was tagged by a different scanner.
You can use the -O option to enable scan logs. The program will save a tab-delimited file titled replaygain.csv with the scan results for every directory it scans. The log files can be viewed in a spreadsheet application.
Microsoft Excel doesn't recognize the tab delimiter in CSV files by default. To enable Excel compatibility, rsgain has an option -Os which will add a sep header to the CSV file. This is a non-standard Microsoft extension which will enable the outputted CSV files to open in Excel.
If you want the output sorted alphanumerically by filename, use the 'a' option, e.g. -Oa.
The options can be chained. For example, if you want both Excel compatibility and alphanumeric sorting, you can pass -Oas.
Easy Mode scans files with the following settings by default:
- -18 LUFS target loudness
- Album tags enabled
- Sample peak calculations for peak tags
- Clipping protection enabled for positive gain values only (0 dB max peak)
- Standard uppercase tags for all formats
- Preserve the existing ID3v2 tag version for ID3 formats (e.g. MP3)
- Standard ReplayGain tags for Opus files
These settings are recommended for maximum compatibility with modern players. However, if you need one or more of the settings changed, you can use a preset file.
A preset file is an INI-formatted configuration file that contains sections enclosed in square brackets, and each section contains key=value pairs that correspond to settings. The first section in a presets file is titled "Global" and contains settings that will be applied to every format. The remaining sections pertain to a particular audio format, and the settings within them will only be applied to that format. This allows the user to define settings on a per-format basis. If a setting in the "Global" section is in conflict with one in the format-specific section, the format-specific value will always take precedence.
It should be noted that the format-specific configurations will only be applied if all files in the directory have the same file type. The Global settings will always be applied to files in directories that have multiple file types in them, regardless of the individual file type
A preset is specified with the -p option, followed by the path to a preset file or a preset name. A preset name is the filename of a preset without the directory or .ini file extension; rsgain will search the default preset locations for the file based on your platform:
- In the user's home directory (you will need to create this directory if it doesn't already exist):
- Windows:
%USERPROFILE%\.rsgain\presets(typicallyC:\Users\<your username>\.rsgain\presets) - macOS:
~/Library/rsgain/presets - Linux:
~/.config/rsgain/presets
- Windows:
- System location:
- Windows: the folder
presetsin the same folder that containsrsgain.exe - macOS/Linux:
<install prefix>/share/rsgain/presets
- Windows: the folder
For example, rsgain ships with a preset ebur128.ini, which will scan files based on the EBU R 128 recommendations. You can invoke this preset with -p ebur128. rsgain also ships with a preset default.ini, which is pre-populated with all of the default settings. This preset is not intended to be used directly, but rather to serve as a base for users to create their own presets. It is not recommended for users to overwrite it. Instead, save a copy when using it as a base.
The settings in a preset file are applied in an "overrides" fashion. In other words, any settings or formats you're not interested in can be deleted from the preset and the defaults will be used instead.
Each setting key in a presets file corresponds to a command line option in Custom Mode. Below is a table of all settings available for use in a preset.
| Setting Key | Value Type | Custom Mode Option |
|---|---|---|
| TagMode | Character | -s |
| TargetLoudness | Integer | -l |
| Album | Boolean | -a |
| ClipMode | Character | -c |
| TruePeak | Boolean | -t |
| Lowercase | Boolean | -L |
| ID3v2Version | Integer | -I |
| MaxPeakLevel | Decimal | -m |
| OpusMode | Character | -o |
| PreserveMtimes | Booelan | -p |
See Custom Mode for more information.
Easy Mode features an exclusive fourth tag mod n which skips files. This is distinct from the -S command line option in that it will skip files regardless of whether or not they have ReplayGain information, and it can be applied on a per-format basis in a preset file.
This can be useful in the case that you only want to scan certain file formats. For example, suppose your Opus files are tagged with standard ReplayGain tags, but you later change your mind and want the R128_*_GAIN tags instead. Prepare a preset with the following:
[Global]
TagMode=n
[Opus]
TagMode=i
OpusMode=rThis will skip over all files except Opus, so you don't waste time scanning files that you don't want to change, as would otherwise be necessary with the s mode.
Custom Mode provides a more complex command line syntax that is similar in nature to mp3gain, loudgain, and other legacy ReplayGain scanners. Only the most basic settings are enabled by default. Unlike Easy Mode, Custom Mode works with files, not directories. Custom Mode is typically used for scripting.
Custom Mode is invoked with rsgain custom followed by options and a list of files to scan. For example, scan and tag a short list of MP3 files with album tags enabled:
rsgain custom -a -s i file1.mp3 file2.mp3 file3.mp3Run rsgain custom -h for a full list of available options
MusicBrainz Picard is a free, cross-platform music tagging application. Picard features a robust plugin ecosystem that greatly extends its functionality. rsgain serves as the backend for the ReplayGain 2.0 plugin, which is available from the official plugins repository. Users that prefer a graphical interface over a command line interface can use this plugin to scan their music library.
To install the plugin, navigate to the Options menu in Picard. Select "Plugins" in the sidebar, then find "ReplayGain 2.0" and click the download button. The plugin itself does not include rsgain; you'll still need to download and install rsgain separately per the Installation section for your chosen platform.
You need to set the path to rsgain in the plugin settings. This field is pre-populated with the rsgain command. On Unix platforms, programs are typically installed into a directory that's already in your PATH, so no further action is necessary in that case. On Windows, you will need to either manually add the folder containing rsgain to your Path as per the installation instructions, or use the exact path to rsgain.exe in the plugin settings.
To use the plugin, add files to Picard and associate them with a release (so the files are in the right window). The plugin can scan albums or individual tracks. Select one or more albums or tracks, then right click and select "Plugins->Calculate ReplayGain" from the context menu. This calculates the ReplayGain information for the selected items, but does not tag the files. The new tags are available for viewing in the metadata window at the bottom. Click the save button to write the new tags to file.
This section provides a brief overview of modern audio theories, how they influenced the design of rsgain, and how rsgain differs from other popular ReplayGain scanners.
Loudness can be defined as the subjective perception of sound pressure. The subjective nature of loudness presents challenges in prescribing normalization techniques.
Sound is often measured in decibels, or dB for short. This is because there is an approximately logarithmic relationship between the sound pressure level and perceived loudness by the human ear.
Another unit used commonly in loudness normalization is the loudness unit, or LU for short. An LU is equivalent in magnitude to a dB. The reason that LU was introduced was provide context distinction; decibels can be used to measure many things, but with LU we are always referring to loudness.
The third common unit is loudness units relative to full scale, or LUFS for short. Full scale means the maximum sample value of a particular digital audio signal format. For example, a value of 32,767 is full scale in 16 bit signed integer audio. On a logarithmic scale, 0 dB/LU represents full scale, so loudness measurements that are referenced to it (LUFS) will always be negative. LUFS is the most common unit for measuring audio loudness today.
Early attempts at loudness normalization measured a recording based on its maximum sample value, known as the peak. This approach was flawed because recordings vary significantly in dynamic range. Dynamic range is the difference between the high and the low parts of an audio signal. For example, consider a song that is somewhat quiet, but has a single, very loud snare drum hit. This snare drum hit, while being very loud for a short period of time, is not representative of the overall loudness of the song due to its large dynamic range.
Later attempts measured signal loudness using an averaging technique known as root mean square, or RMS for short. This proved to be a much more effective measure of signal loudness than the peak.
Another advancement was made in the weighting of frequencies. The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies. A mid frequency is perceived to be louder than a low or high frequency of equivalent sound pressure level. The relationship between frequency and perceived loudness is often referred to as the Fletcher-Munson curve or the equal-loudness contour.
The original ReplayGain specification from 2001 combined the RMS averaging with a frequency weighting filter that compensated for the Fletcher-Munson curve. Since that time, a new industry standard ITU-R BS.1770 has been published. It details a new loudness measurement algorithm that implements RMS averaging and frequency weighting, similar in nature to ReplayGain 1.0, but far less computationally intensive and shown in listening tests to be more accurate. This new algorithm provides the basis for the ReplayGain 2.0 specification upon which rsgain is based.
The loudness measurement algorithm specified in BS.1770 has gained widespread adoption in loudness normalization since its publishing. However, one aspect that is not well agreed upon is the target loudness level that audio signals should be normalized to. Many people perceive louder audio signals to be of higher quality, so the systems that target casual listeners generally tend to opt for higher target loudness levels. Higher target loudness levels are more prone to clipping, an unwanted form of distortion, so systems that target a more serious audience generally tend to opt for lower target loudness. By default, rsgain uses the -18 LUFS target loudness value specified by ReplayGain, but users have the ability to change it with the -l option.
The table below gives a brief summary of the target loudness levels used by various organizations to demonstrate the range of typical values.
| Target Loudness | Adopters |
|---|---|
| -14 LUFS | Spotify, YouTube Music, Amazon Prime Music |
| -16 LUFS | Apple Music |
| -18 LUFS | ReplayGain 2.0 |
| -23 LUFS | European Broadcasting Union (EBU) |
The ReplayGain specification requires a scanner to tag files with peak information, which is intended for use in predicting whether an audio signal will clip. There are two common ways to calculate this value: sample peak and true peak.
The sample peak is the highest value sample in the signal. In ReplayGain, the peak is unitless and normalized to a scale of 0 to 1, with 1 representing digital full scale. The sample peak has been the default peak measurement used in loudness normalization until recently.
True peak is a relatively new concept. The theory pertains to how audio signals are converted from analog to digital, and then eventually from digital back to analog for listening. In the first stage (analog to digital), the sampling process does not capture the true peak of the continuous analog signal because it occurred in between samples. The sample peak value that is calculated using the digital samples is therefore inaccurate. The digital signal is then mastered with the deceptively low sample peak set to just below full scale. When it's converted back into analog during playback, the true peak from the original analog signal is reconstructed and exceeds full scale, resulting in clipping.
In the case of a digital audio recording, true peak from the original analog signal has already been lost forever. The method used to calculate the "true" peak from an existing digital audio signal is called interpolation, which attempts to approximate the original analog signal. The digital signal is resampled at a much higher sampling rate, and the interpolation algorithm attempts to estimate what original analog signal was in between the original samples. The higher oversampling rate, the better approximation of the original analog signal. Peaks that occur in the interpolated samples are known as intersample peaks. In practice, the calculated true peak value will always be higher than the sample peak. Unlike sample peaks, the true peak can exceed full scale (1).
The ReplayGain specification does not explicitly specify whether the peak should be calculated using the sample peak or true peak method, leaving the decision to the implementation. Comparing popular ReplayGain scanners, r128gain always uses sample peak, while loudgain always uses true peak. Conversely, rsgain allows the user to choose between the sample peak and true peak methods. The default is sample peak.
Using true peak instead of sample peak comes at a significant performance cost. Scans using true peak will typically be 2-4x longer than otherwise equivalent sample peak scans; the oversampling interpolation process used to calculate the true peak is very computationally intensive.
Clipping is a form of distortion that occurs when a signal exceeds its maximum bound, and is generally considered undesirable for audio playback. The ReplayGain standard requires scanners to tag files with the peak information as a means of preventing clipping during playback.
However, not all ReplayGain-compatible players actually implement clipping protection using the peak tags. rsgain has a clipping protection feature that attempts to prevent clipping at scan-time instead of during playback. It is specified with the -c option, with a required character argument:
n: No clipping protection (default in Custom Mode)p: Clipping protection for positive gain values only (default in Easy Mode)a: Always clip protect
The clipping protection works by adjusting the calculated peak by the calculated gain value (as it would be during playback). If this "new" peak value exceeds the maximum peak (full scale by default), then the gain will be adjusted lower by the excess amount, bringing the "new" peak down to the maximum level.
Adjusting the gain has the side effect of lowering the loudness of the song below the target level. If this occurs in a significant number of files, it results in an uneven distribution of loudness across your music library, which defeats the purpose of applying ReplayGain in the first place. Easy Mode outputs a useful statistic "Clip Adjustments" at the end of every scan which can help you gauge how often the clipping protection is kicking in for your current settings.
Scan-time clipping protection mechanisms have drawbacks and limitations. In general clipping protection can be implemented much more effectively by the player than by the scanner. If you know your player reads the peak tags and supports clipping protection, consider disabling rsgain's clipping protection entirely. Another option is to lower your target loudness level, which will signficantly reduce the number of files which activate the clipping protection.
Opus files are governed by RFC 7845, which introduced a competing loudness normalization method that is completely incompatible with ReplayGain:
- The gain tags are
R128_TRACK_GAINandR128_ALBUM_GAINinstead ofREPLAYGAIN_TRACK_GAINandREPLAYGAIN_ALBUM_GAIN - Peak tags are not supported
- The gain values are stored in a Q7.8 fixed point integer string, instead of the standard base-10 decimal string
- The gains are referenced to -23 LUFS instead of -18 LUFS
Additionally, there is also an "output gain" field in the header, which contains another volume adjustment that needs to be taken into account.
To handle the complexity, rsgain has a Opus Mode setting with a 5 choice character option that determines how Opus files should be tagged:
d: Write standard ReplayGain tags, set header output gain to 0r: Write R128_*_GAIN tags, set header output gain to 0s: Same as 'r' above, plus the target loudness is forced to -23 LUFS for Opus files onlyt: Write track gain to header output gaina: Write album gain to header output gain
Since rsgain is a ReplayGain scanner, the d mode is the default, even though the ReplayGain standard conflicts with RFC 7845. In my opinion, the authors of RFC 7845 totally overstepped their authority by specifying a format-specific loudness normalization method. Particularly egregious is the specification of a target loudness level. There is no one-size-fits-all solution for target loudness. The best value depends on the dynamic range of your music, which tends to vary by genre. Moreover, most people do not have a music library comprised entirely of a single audio format, so format-specific loudness normalization methods are inappropriate. Having Opus files play back 5 dB quieter than all other file types defeats the purpose of applying ReplayGain.
Some players will automatically add a +5 dB pregain to Opus files to attempt to compensate for the difference in target loudness between the RFC 7845 normalization method and ReplayGain. foobar2000 and a few others are among those that do this. You'll need to research how your chosen player(s) handle Opus files, and adjust your settings in rsgain accordingly.
If you wish to write tags that are fully compliant to RFC 7845 instead of ReplayGain 2.0, you can use the -o 's' option. For example, as an Easy Mode preset
[Opus]
OpusMode=sThere is much to be said about uppercase versus lowercase tags. In my experience, the vast majority of modern players recognize the standard uppercase tags for the vast majority of file formats. rsgain will write the standard uppercase tags by default for all formats.
If you do encounter a player that doesn't recognize the uppercase tags, my advice is this: inform the developers with an issue - or even submit a PR yourself - rather than contribute to the fragmentation of the ReplayGain ecosystem by legitimizing the lowercase tags. Use the -L lowercase tags option only when all other options have been exhausted.
rsgain uses UTF-8 for Unicode, while Windows has historically used a subset of UTF-16. However, Microsoft added full UTF-8 support in Windows 10 version 1903. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to run rsgain on Windows 10 or later to ensure compatibility with all filenames. You can still run rsgain on Windows Vista through 8.1 if you don't need Unicode support, i.e. you don't have any filenames with non-ANSI characters.
Another caveat with Windows is the performance of the scan progress bar. Console output on Windows is notoriously slow compared to Unix platforms. Unfortunately, the progress bar can be a bottleneck, particularly with the default sample peak calculations. I have decided to leave it as-is, under the rationale that the performance in the single-threaded mode is less important than in multithreaded, which is unaffected by this issue since the progress bar is disabled. If you do need to tag a large number of files using the single-threaded Easy Mode or Custom Mode, pass the -q option to disable the progress bar, which will eliminate the bottleneck.
rsgain is a very heavily modified fork of loudgain, and is licensed accordingly under the original 2 clause BSD license used by loudgain.