Autoscaling is an approach to automatically scale up or down workloads based on the resource usage. Autoscaling in Kubernetes has two dimensions: the Cluster Autoscaler that deals with node scaling operations and the Horizontal Pod Autoscaler that automatically scales the number of pods in a deployment or replica set. The Cluster Autoscaling together with Horizontal Pod Autoscaler can be used to dynamically adjust the computing power as well as the level of parallelism that your system needs to meet SLAs. While the Cluster Autoscaler is highly dependent on the underling capabilities of the cloud provider that's hosting your cluster, the HPA can operate independently of your IaaS/PaaS provider.
The Horizontal Pod Autoscaler feature was first introduced in Kubernetes v1.1 and has evolved a lot since then. Version 1 of the HPA scaled pods based on observed CPU utilization and later on based on memory usage. In Kubernetes 1.6 a new API Custom Metrics API was introduced that enables HPA access to arbitrary metrics. And Kubernetes 1.7 introduced the aggregation layer that allows 3rd party applications to extend the Kubernetes API by registering themselves as API add-ons. The Custom Metrics API along with the aggregation layer made it possible for monitoring systems like Prometheus to expose application-specific metrics to the HPA controller.
The Horizontal Pod Autoscaler is implemented as a control loop that periodically queries the Resource Metrics API for core metrics like CPU/memory and the Custom Metrics API for application-specific metrics.
What follows is a step-by-step guide on configuring HPA v2 for Kubernetes 1.9 or later. You will install the Metrics Server add-on that supplies the core metrics and then you'll use a demo app to showcase pod autoscaling based on CPU and memory usage. In the second part of the guide you will deploy Prometheus and a custom API server. You will register the custom API server with the aggregator layer and then configure HPA with custom metrics supplied by the demo application.
Before you begin you need to install Go 1.8 or later and clone the k8s-prom-hpa repo in your GOPATH:
cd $GOPATH
git clone https://github.com/stefanprodan/k8s-prom-hpaThe Kubernetes Metrics Server
is a cluster-wide aggregator of resource usage data and is the successor of Heapster.
The metrics server collects CPU and memory usage for nodes and pods by pooling data from the kubernetes.summary_api.
The summary API is a memory-efficient API for passing data from Kubelet/cAdvisor to the metrics server.
If in the first version of HPA you would need Heapster to provide CPU and memory metrics, in
HPA v2 and Kubernetes 1.8 only the metrics server is required with the
horizontal-pod-autoscaler-use-rest-clients switched on.
The HPA rest client is enabled by default in Kubernetes 1.9.
GKE 1.9 comes with the Metrics Server pre-installed.
Deploy the Metrics Server in the kube-system namespace:
kubectl create -f ./metrics-serverAfter one minute the metric-server starts reporting CPU and memory usage for nodes and pods.
View nodes metrics:
kubectl get --raw "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/nodes" | jq .View pods metrics:
kubectl get --raw "/apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/pods" | jq .You will use a small Golang-based web app to test the Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA).
Deploy podinfo to the default namespace:
kubectl create -f ./podinfo/podinfo-svc.yaml,./podinfo/podinfo-dep.yamlAccess podinfo with the NodePort service at http://<K8S_PUBLIC_IP>:31198.
Next define a HPA that maintains a minimum of two replicas and scales up to ten if the CPU average is over 80% or if the memory goes over 200Mi:
apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
name: podinfo
spec:
scaleTargetRef:
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
name: podinfo
minReplicas: 2
maxReplicas: 10
metrics:
- type: Resource
resource:
name: cpu
target:
type: Utilization
averageUtilization: 80
- type: Resource
resource:
name: memory
target:
type: AverageValue
averageValue: 200MiCreate the HPA:
kubectl create -f ./podinfo/podinfo-hpa.yamlAfter a couple of seconds the HPA controller contacts the metrics server and then fetches the CPU and memory usage:
kubectl get hpa
NAME REFERENCE TARGETS MINPODS MAXPODS REPLICAS AGE
podinfo Deployment/podinfo 2826240 / 200Mi, 15% / 80% 2 10 2 5mIn order to increase the CPU usage, run a load test with rakyll/hey:
#install hey
go get -u github.com/rakyll/hey
#do 10K requests
hey -n 10000 -q 10 -c 5 http://<K8S_PUBLIC_IP>:31198/You can monitor the HPA events with:
$ kubectl describe hpa
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal SuccessfulRescale 7m horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 4; reason: cpu resource utilization (percentage of request) above target
Normal SuccessfulRescale 3m horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 8; reason: cpu resource utilization (percentage of request) above targetRemove podinfo for the moment. You will deploy it again later on in this tutorial:
kubectl delete -f ./podinfo/podinfo-hpa.yaml,./podinfo/podinfo-dep.yaml,./podinfo/podinfo-svc.yamlIn order to scale based on custom metrics you need to have two components. One component that collects metrics from your applications and stores them the Prometheus time series database. And a second component that extends the Kubernetes custom metrics API with the metrics supplied by the collect, the k8s-prometheus-adapter.
You will deploy Prometheus and the adapter in a dedicated namespace.
Create the monitoring namespace:
kubectl create -f ./namespaces.yamlDeploy Prometheus v2 in the monitoring namespace:
If you are deploying to GKE you might get an error saying: Error from server (Forbidden): error when creating
This will help you resolve that issue: RBAC on GKE
kubectl create -f ./prometheusGenerate the TLS certificates needed by the Prometheus adapter:
touch metrics-ca.key metrics-ca.crt metrics-ca-config.json
make certsDeploy the Prometheus custom metrics API adapter:
kubectl create -f ./custom-metrics-apiList the custom metrics provided by Prometheus:
kubectl get --raw "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1" | jq .Get the FS usage for all the pods in the monitoring namespace:
kubectl get --raw "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/monitoring/pods/*/kubelet_container_log_filesystem_used_bytes" | jq .Create podinfo NodePort service and deployment in the default namespace:
kubectl create -f ./podinfo/podinfo-svc.yaml,./podinfo/podinfo-dep.yamlThe podinfo app exposes a custom metric named http_requests_total.
The Prometheus adapter removes the _total suffix and marks the metric as a counter metric.
Get the total requests per second from the custom metrics API:
kubectl get --raw "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/default/pods/*/http_requests" | jq .{
"kind": "MetricValueList",
"apiVersion": "custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1",
"metadata": {
"selfLink": "/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/default/pods/%2A/http_requests"
},
"items": [
{
"describedObject": {
"kind": "Pod",
"namespace": "default",
"name": "podinfo-6b86c8ccc9-kv5g9",
"apiVersion": "/__internal"
},
"metricName": "http_requests",
"timestamp": "2018-01-10T16:49:07Z",
"value": "901m"
},
{
"describedObject": {
"kind": "Pod",
"namespace": "default",
"name": "podinfo-6b86c8ccc9-nm7bl",
"apiVersion": "/__internal"
},
"metricName": "http_requests",
"timestamp": "2018-01-10T16:49:07Z",
"value": "898m"
}
]
}The m represents milli-units, so for example, 901m means 901 milli-requests.
Create a HPA that will scale up the podinfo deployment if the number of requests goes over 10 per second:
apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
name: podinfo
spec:
scaleTargetRef:
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
name: podinfo
minReplicas: 2
maxReplicas: 10
metrics:
- type: Pods
pods:
metric:
name: http_requests
target:
type: AverageValue
averageValue: 10Deploy the podinfo HPA in the default namespace:
kubectl create -f ./podinfo/podinfo-hpa-custom.yamlAfter a couple of seconds the HPA fetches the http_requests value from the metrics API:
kubectl get hpa
NAME REFERENCE TARGETS MINPODS MAXPODS REPLICAS AGE
podinfo Deployment/podinfo 899m / 10 2 10 2 1mApply some load on the podinfo service with 25 requests per second:
#install hey
go get -u github.com/rakyll/hey
#do 10K requests rate limited at 25 QPS
hey -n 10000 -q 5 -c 5 http://<K8S-IP>:31198/healthzAfter a few minutes the HPA begins to scale up the deployment:
kubectl describe hpa
Name: podinfo
Namespace: default
Reference: Deployment/podinfo
Metrics: ( current / target )
"http_requests" on pods: 9059m / 10
Min replicas: 2
Max replicas: 10
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal SuccessfulRescale 2m horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 3; reason: pods metric http_requests above target
At the current rate of requests per second the deployment will never get to the max value of 10 pods. Three replicas are enough to keep the RPS under 10 per each pod.
After the load tests finishes, the HPA down scales the deployment to it's initial replicas:
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal SuccessfulRescale 5m horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 3; reason: pods metric http_requests above target
Normal SuccessfulRescale 21s horizontal-pod-autoscaler New size: 2; reason: All metrics below target
You may have noticed that the autoscaler doesn't react immediately to usage spikes. By default the metrics sync happens once every 30 seconds and scaling up/down can only happen if there was no rescaling within the last 3-5 minutes. In this way, the HPA prevents rapid execution of conflicting decisions and gives time for the Cluster Autoscaler to kick in.
Not all systems can meet their SLAs by relying on CPU/memory usage metrics alone, most web and mobile backends require autoscaling based on requests per second to handle any traffic bursts. For ETL apps, auto scaling could be triggered by the job queue length exceeding some threshold and so on. By instrumenting your applications with Prometheus and exposing the right metrics for autoscaling you can fine tune your apps to better handle bursts and ensure high availability.