access: Verifies user permissions for accessing files.
accton: Controls process accounting activation.
aclocal: Creates aclocal.m4 from aclocal.m4.in.
acpi: Retrieves information on ACPI devices.
acpi_available: Checks system's ACPI availability.
acpid: Manages ACPI events on the system.
addr2line: Resolves addresses to file names and line numbers.
agetty: Manages physical or virtual terminals.
alias: Sets up command aliases.
amixer: Adjusts audio mixer settings.
aplay: Plays audio files using ALSA.
aplaymidi: Plays MIDI files.
apropos: Searches manual page descriptions for keywords.
apt: High-level package management tool.
apt-get: Command-line package manager for Debian-based systems.
aptitude: Text-based package manager.
ar: Creates, modifies, or extracts from archives.
arch: Displays machine hardware name.
arp: Manages ARP cache.
aspell: Interactive spell checker.
atd: Executes scheduled commands.
atq: Lists pending jobs.
atrm: Removes jobs from the at queue.
autoconf: Configures software source code packages.
autoheader: Generates a header file template.
automake: Creates [M](http://makefile.in/)akefile.in from Makefile.am.
autoreconf: Updates configure scripts.
autoupdate: Updates configure.in from macros.
awk: A powerful text processing and pattern matching tool.
banner: Prints characters in large size.
basename: Strips directory and suffix from filenames.
batch: Executes commands based on system load levels.
bc: Arbitrary-precision calculator language.
bg: Resumes suspended jobs in the background.
biff: Notifies users of mail messages.
bind: Binds a name to a socket.
bison: Parser generator for syntax analysis.
break: Exits a loop.
builtin: Runs a built-in shell command.
bzcmp: Compares bzip2 compressed files.
bzdiff: Compares bzip2 compressed files.
bzgrep: Searches patterns in bzip2 compressed files.
bzip2: Compresses or decompresses files using the bzip2 algorithm.
bzless: Views bzip2-compressed files.
bzmore: Views bzip2-compressed files.
cal: Displays a calendar.
case: Executes commands based on pattern matching.
cat: Concatenates and displays files.
cc: C compiler.
ccrypt: Encrypts and decrypts files.
cd: Changes the current directory.
cfdisk: Displays or manipulates disk partition tables.
chage: Modifies user password expiry information.
chattr: Changes file attributes on a Linux file system.
chfn: Modifies user information.
chgrp: Changes group ownership of files.
chmod: Changes file mode bits.
chown: Changes file owner and group.
chpassw: Modifies user password.
chroot: Changes the root directory for a command.
chrt: Modifies real-time attributes of a process.
chsh: Changes the login shell for a user.
chvt: Change to a different virtual terminal.
cksum: Calculate and display the checksum and byte count of a file.
clear: Clear the terminal screen.
cmp: Compare two files byte by byte.
col: Filter reverse line feeds.
colcrt: Filter nroff output for CRT previewing.
colrm: Remove columns from a file.
column: Columnate lists.
comm: Compare two sorted files line by line.
compress: Compress files using Lempel-Ziv coding.
continue: Resume the next iteration of a loop.
cp: Copy files and directories.
cpio: Copy files to and from archives.
cpp: The C Preprocessor.
cron: Daemon to execute scheduled commands.
crontab: Schedule a command to run at a later time.
csplit: Split a file into context-determined pieces.
ctags: Create a tags file.
cupsd: Common UNIX Printing System daemon.
curl: Transfer data from or to a server.
cut: Remove sections from each line of files.
cvs: Concurrent Versions System.
date: Display or set the system date and time.
dc: Desk Calculator.
dd: Convert and copy a file.
declare: Declare variables and give them attributes.
depmod: Generate modules.dep and map files.
df: Report file system disk space usage.
diff: Compare files line by line.
diff3: Show differences among three files.
dig: DNS lookup utility.
dir: List directory contents.
dirname: Convert a full pathname to just a path.
dirs: Display list of remembered directories.
disable: Disable a shell builtin.
dmesg: Print or control the kernel ring buffer.
dmidecode: DMI table decoder.
domainname: Show or set the system’s NIS/YP domain name.
dos2unix: Convert text file format.
dosfsck: Check and repair MS-DOS file systems.
dstat: Versatile resource statistics tool.
du: Estimate file space usage.
dump: Dump file systems.
dumpe2fs: Dump ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem information.
dumpkeys: Dump keyboard translation tables.
ed: The standard text editor.
echo: Display a line of text.
egrep: Search files for lines matching a pattern.
eject: Eject removable media.
emacs: The extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time display editor.
enable: Enable and disable builtin shell commands.
env: Display, set, or remove environment variables.
eval: Evaluate several commands or arguments.
ex: Line editor.
exec: Execute a command.
exit: Exit the shell.
expand: Convert tabs to spaces.
expect: Programmed dialogue with interactive programs.
export: Set an environment variable.
expr: Evaluate expressions.
factor: Print prime factors.
fc: Fix command.
fc-cache: Build font information cache files.
fc-list: List available fonts.
fdisk: Partition table manipulator.
fg: Send job to foreground.
fgrep: Search files for fixed strings.
file: Determine file type.
finger: User information lookup program.
fmt: Reformat paragraph text.
fold: Wrap each input line to fit in specified width.
for: Expand words and execute commands.
free: Display amount of free and used memory in the system.
function: Define Function Macros.
g++: GNU project C and C++ compiler.
gawk: Find and Replace text within file(s).
gcc: GNU project C and C++ compiler.
gdb: The GNU Debugger.
getent: Get entries from administrative database.
grep: Search file(s) for lines matching a pattern.
gpassw: Modify a group password.
groupadd: Create a new group.
groupdel: Delete a group.
groupmod: Modify a group definition.
groups: Print group names a user is in.
grpck: Verify integrity of group files.
grpconv: Convert between textual and hashed group files.
gs: Ghostscript (PostScript and PDF viewer).
gunzip: Decompress files compressed with gzip.
gzexe: Compress executable files in place.
gzip: Compress or decompress files.
halt: Stop the system.
hash: Remember the full pathname of a name argument.
hdparm: Get/set hard disk parameters.
head: Output the first part of files.
help: Display help for a built-in command.
hexdump: Display file contents in hexadecimal, decimal, octal, or ASCII.
history: Command history for the current session.
host: DNS lookup utility.
hostid: Print numeric host identifier.
hostname: Print or set system name.
hostnamectl: Control system hostname.
htop: Interactive process viewer.
hwclock: Query and set the hardware clock (RTC).
iconv: Convert text from one character encoding to another.
id: Print user identity.
if: Conditionally perform a command.
ifconfig: Configure a network interface.
iftop: Display bandwidth usage on an interface.
ifup: Bring a network interface up.
import: Capture and save a screenshot.
info: Help information for commands.
insmod: Insert a module into the Linux kernel.
install: Copy files and set attributes.
iostat: Report CPU and input/output statistics.
iotop: Display I/O usage by process.
ip: Show/manipulate routing, devices, policy routing, and tunnels.
ipcrm: Remove a message queue, semaphore set, or shared memory segment.
ipcs: Report inter-process communication facilities status.
iptables: Administration tool for IPv4 packet filtering and NAT.
iptables-save: Save current iptables rules to a file.
iwconfig: Configure a wireless network interface.
jobs: List all background jobs.
join: Join lines of two files on a common field.
journalctl: Query the systemd journal or print journal entries.
jed: A fast, compact editor based on the S-Lang library.
kill: Terminate processes by name or process ID.
last: Show listing of last logged in users.
less: Display files or command output one page at a time.
let: Perform arithmetic on shell variables.
ln: Create links to files.
look: Display lines beginning with a given string.
ls: List directory contents.
lsblk: List block devices.
lshw: Display detailed hardware configuration.
lsmod: Show the status of modules in the Linux Kernel.
lsof: List open files.
lsusb: List USB devices.
mailq: Display the mail queue.
man: Display manual pages.
md5sum: Compute and check MD5 message digest.
mkdir: Create directories.
modinfo: Show information about a kernel module.
more: Display files or command output one page at a time.
mount: Mount a file system.
mpstat: Report processor statistics.
mv: Move or rename files.
nc(netcat): TCP/IP swiss army knife.
nmcli: A command-line client for NetworkManager.
nano: Command-line text editor.
netstat: Display network connections, routing tables, and more.
nslookup: Query Internet name servers interactively.
od: Dump files in octal and other formats.
passwd: Change user password.
paste: Merge lines of files.
pidof: Find the process ID of a running program.
pinky: Lightweight user information utility.
pmap: Display memory map of a process.
poweroff: Power off the system.
printf: Format and print data.
ps: Report process status.
pwd: Print current working directory.
ranlib: Generate index to archive.
rcp: Copy files between hosts.
read: Read a line from standard input.
readelf: Display information about ELF files.
readlink: Print value of a symbolic link.
reboot: Reboot the system.
rename: Rename files.
reset: Reset the terminal.
restore: Restore a file system from a backup.
return: Exit a function.
rev: Reverse lines of a file.
rmdir: Remove directories.
rm: Remove files or directories.
rmmod: Remove a module from the Linux Kernel.
route: Show/manipulate the IP routing table.
rsync: Remote file synchronization utility.
sar: System activity reporter.
scp: Secure copy files between hosts.
screen: Full-screen window manager.
script: Record a terminal session.
scriptreply: Play back typescripts, using timing information.
sdiff: Merge two files interactively.
sed: Stream editor for filtering and transforming text.
select: Accept keyboard input.
seq: Print sequences of numbers.
setsid: Run a program in a new session.
shift: Shift positional parameters in a script.
showkey: Display key codes.
shred: Securely delete files.
shutdown: Shut down the system.
sleep: Delay for a specified amount of time.
sort: Sort lines of text files.
source: Run commands from a file.
split: Split a file into pieces.
ssh: Secure shell client.
strace: Trace system calls and signals.
stty: Set terminal options.
sum: Print checksum and block counts for a file.
sync: Synchronize data on disk with memory.
systemctl: Control the systemd system and service manager.
tac: Concatenate and print files in reverse.
tail: Output the last part of files.
tar: Tape archive utility.
tee: Redirect output to multiple files.
time: Time a simple command or give resource usage.
top: Display and update sorted information about processes.
touch: Change file timestamps.
traceroute: Print the route packets trace to network host.
tr: Translate or delete characters.
tracepath: Trace path to a network host.
tree: List contents of directories in a tree-like format.
tty: Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.
type: Indicate how a command name is interpreted.
uname: Print system information.
unalias: Remove alias definitions.
unexpand: Convert spaces to tabs.
uniq: Filter adjacent matching lines from input.
unix2dos: Convert text file format from Unix to DOS.
until: Execute commands as long as a condition is false.
uptime: Show how long the system has been running.
username: Print effective user ID.
useradd: Create a new user or update default new user information.
userdel: Delete a user account and related files.
usermod: Modify a user account.
users: List users currently logged in.
vi: Text editor for Unix systems.
vmstat: Report virtual memory statistics.
vnstat: Network traffic monitoring tool.
w: Show who is logged on and what they are doing.
wall: Write a message to all users.
watch: Execute a program periodically, showing output.
wc: Print newline, word, and byte counts for each file.
wget: Retrieve files from the web.
whatis: Display a one-line description for a command.
which: Locate a command.
while: Execute commands repeatedly as long as a condition is true.
who: Show who is logged on.
whoami: Print effective user ID.
write: Send a message to another user.
xargs: Build and execute command lines from standard input.
xdg-open: Open a file or URL using the preferred application.
yes: Output a string repeatedly until killed.
zip: Package and compress files into a zip archive.
zdiff: Compare compressed files.
zdump: Time zone dumper.
zgrep: Search compressed files for a regular expression.
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