sergiogaiotto / Data-Science-Study-Materials

"Big data is at the foundation of all the megatrends that are happening." – Chris Lynch

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Data science is an inter-disciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and insights from many structural and unstructured data. Data science is related to data miningdeep learning and big data.

Data science is a "concept to unify statisticsdata analysismachine learning and their related methods" in order to "understand and analyze actual phenomena" with data. It uses techniques and theories drawn from many fields within the context of mathematicsstatisticscomputer science, and information scienceTuring award winner Jim Gray imagined data science as a "fourth paradigm" of science (empiricaltheoreticalcomputational and now data-driven) and asserted that "everything about science is changing because of the impact of information technology" and the data deluge.


Early usage

In 1962, John Tukey described a field he called “data analysis,” which resembles modern data science. Later, attendees at a 1992 statistics symposium at the University of Montpellier II acknowledged the emergence of a new discipline focused on data of various origins and forms, combining established concepts and principles of statistics and data analysis with computing.

The term "data science" has been traced back to 1974, when Peter Naur proposed it as an alternative name for computer science. In 1996, the International Federation of Classification Societies became the first conference to specifically feature data science as a topic. However, the definition was still in flux. In 1997, C.F. Jeff Wu suggested that statistics should be renamed data science. He reasoned that a new name would help statistics shed inaccurate stereotypes, such as being synonymous with accounting, or limited to describing data. In 1998, Chikio Hayashi argued for data science as a new, interdisciplinary concept, with three aspects: data design, collection, and analysis.

During the 1990s, popular terms for the process of finding patterns in datasets (which were increasingly large) included “knowledge discovery” and "data mining."

Modern usage

The modern conception of data science as an independent discipline is sometimes attributed to William S. Cleveland. In a 2001 paper, he advocated an expansion of statistics beyond theory into technical areas; because this would significantly change the field, it warranted a new name. "Data science" became more widely used in the next few years: in 2002, the Committee on Data for Science and Technology launched Data Science Journal. In 2003, Columbia University launched The Journal of Data Science. In 2014, the American Statistical Association's Section on Statistical Learning and Data Mining changed its name to the Section on Statistical Learning and Data Science, reflecting the ascendant popularity of data science.

The professional title of "data scientist" has been attributed to DJ Patil and Jeff Hammerbacher in 2008. Though it was used by the National Science Board in their 2005 report, "Long-Lived Digital Data Collections: Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century," it referred broadly to any key role in managing a digital data collection.

There is still no consensus on the definition of data science and it is considered by some to be a buzzword.

Careers in data science

Data science is a growing field. A career as a data scientist is ranked at the third best job in America for 2020 by Glassdoor, and was ranked the number one best job from 2016-2019. Data scientists have a median salary of $118,370 per year or $56.91 per hour. Job growth in this field is also above average, with a projected increase of 16% from 2018 to 2028. The largest employer of data scientists in the US is the federal government, employing 28% of the data science workforce. Other large employers of data scientists are computer system design services, research and development laboratories, and colleges and universities. Typically, data scientists work full time, and some work more than 40 hours a week.

Educational path

In order to become a data scientist, there is a significant amount of education and experience required. The first step in becoming a data scientist is to earn a bachelor's degree, typically in a field related to computing or mathematics. Coding bootcamps are also available and can be used as an alternate pre-qualification to supplement a bachelor's degree in another field. Most data scientists also complete a master’s degree or a PhD in data science. Once these qualifications are met, the next step to becoming a data scientist is to apply for an entry-level job in the field. Some data scientists may later choose to specialize in a sub-field of data science.

Specializations and associated careers

  • Machine Learning Scientist: Machine learning scientists research new methods of data analysis and create algorithms.
  • Data Analyst: Data analysts utilize large data sets to gather information that meets their company’s needs.
  • Data Consultant: Data consultants work with businesses to determine the best usage of the information yielded from data analysis.
  • Data Architect: Data architects build data solutions that are optimized for performance and design applications.
  • Applications Architect: Applications architects track how applications are used throughout a business and how they interact with users and other applications.

Impacts of data science

Big data is very quickly becoming a vital tool for businesses and companies of all sizes. The availability and interpretation of big data has altered the business models of old industries and enabled the creation of new ones. Data-driven businesses are worth $1.2 trillion collectively in 2020, an increase from $333 billion in the year 2015. Data scientists are responsible for breaking down big data into usable information and creating software and algorithms that help companies and organizations determine optimal operations. As big data continues to have a major impact on the world, data science does as well due to the close relationship between the two.


16 Important Data Science Papers:


Machine Learning Formulas:


Best Reference Books - Database Concepts and System:


Top 9 Data Science Algorithms:


Top 11 Data Structure Books:


Books and articles about Flowcharts:


Lecture Notes:

  • Introduction, linear classification, perceptron update rule (PDF)
  • Perceptron convergence, generalization (PDF)
  • Maximum margin classification (PDF)
  • Classification errors, regularization, logistic regression (PDF)
  • Linear regression, estimator bias and variance, active learning (PDF)
  • Active learning (cont.), non-linear predictions, kernals (PDF)
  • Kernal regression, kernels (PDF)
  • Support vector machine (SVM) and kernels, kernel optimization (PDF)
  • Model selection (PDF)
  • Model selection criteria (PDF)
  • Description length, feature selection (PDF)
  • Combining classifiers, boosting (PDF)
  • Boosting, margin, and complexity (PDF)
  • Margin and generalization, mixture models (PDF)
  • Mixtures and the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm (PDF)
  • EM, regularization, clustering (PDF)
  • Clustering (PDF)
  • Spectral clustering, Markov models (PDF)
  • Hidden Markov models (HMMs) (PDF)
  • HMMs (cont.) (PDF)
  • Bayesian networks (PDF)
  • Learning Bayesian networks (PDF)
  • Probabilistic inference - Guest lecture on collaborative filtering (PDF)

Books:


22 Algorithms Books Every Programmer Should Read:


Assignments:


Bayes' Theorem – The Forecasting Pillar of Data Science:


Essential Math for Data Science:


Data Science Case Studies:


Data Science Tutorials for Beginners:


Lecture Notes by Andrew Ng:


50 selected papers in Data Mining and Machine Learning:

General

Data Mining and Statistics: What’s the Connection?

Data Mining: Statistics and More?, D. Hand, American Statistician, 52(2):112-118.

Data Mining, G. Weiss and B. Davison, in Handbook of Technology Management, John Wiley and Sons, expected 2010.

From Data Mining to Knowledge Discovery in Databases, U. Fayyad, G. Piatesky-Shapiro & P. Smyth, AI Magazine, 17(3):37-54, Fall 1996.

Mining Business Databases, Communications of the ACM, 39(11): 42-48.

10 Challenging Problems in Data Mining Research, Q. Yiang and X. Wu, International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2006, 597-604.


General Data Mining Methods and Algorithms

Top 10 Algorithms in Data Mining, X. Wu, V. Kumar, J.R. Quinlan, J. Ghosh, Q. Yang, H. motoda, G.J. MClachlan, A. Ng, B. Liu, P.S. Yu, Z. Zhou, M. Steinbach, D. J. Hand, D. Steinberg, Knowl Inf Syst (2008) 141-37.

Induction of Decision Trees, R. Quinlan, Machine Learning, 1(1):81-106, 1986.


Web and Link Mining

The Pagerank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web, L. Page, S. Brin, R. Motwani, T. Winograd, Technical Report, Stanford University, 1999.

The Structure and Function of Complex Networks, M. E. J. Newman, SIAM Review, 2003, 45, 167-256.

Link Mining: A New Data Mining Challenge, L. Getoor, SIGKDD Explorations, 2003, 5(1), 84-89.

Link Mining: A Survey, L. Getoor, SIGKDD Explorations, 2005, 7(2), 3-12.

Semi-supervised Learning

Semi-Supervised Learning Literature Survey, X. Zhu, Computer Sciences TR 1530, University of Wisconsin — Madison.

Learning with Labeled and Unlabeled Data, M. Seeger, University of Edinburgh (unpublished), 2002.

Person Identification in Webcam Images: An Application of Semi-Supervised Learning, M. Balcan, A. Blum, P. Choi, J. lafferty, B. Pantano, M. Rwebangira, X. Zhu, Proceedings of the 22nd ICML Workshop on Learning with Partially Classified Training Data, 2005.

Learning from Labeled and Unlabeled Data: An Empirical Study across Techniques and Domains, N. Chawla, G. Karakoulas, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 23:331-366, 2005.

Text Classification from Labeled and Unlabeled Documents using EM, K. Nigam, A. McCallum, S. Thrun, T. Mitchell, Machine Learning, 39, 103-134, 2000.

Self-taught Learning: Transfer Learning from Unlabeled Data, R. Raina, A. Battle, H. Lee, B. Packer, A. Ng, in Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Machine Learning, 2007.

An iterative algorithm for extending learners to a semisupervised setting, M. Culp, G. Michailidis, 2007 Joint Statistical Meetings (JSM), 2007

Get Another Label? Improving Data Quality and Data Mining Using Multiple, Noisy Labelers, V. Sheng, F. Provost, P. Ipeirotis, in Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2008.

Logistic Regression for Partial Labels, in 9th International Conference on Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems, Volume III, pp. 1935-1941, 2002.

Classification with Partial labels, N. Nguyen, R. Caruana, in Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2008.

Induction of Decision Trees from Partially Classified Data Using Belief Functions, M. Bjanger, Norweigen University of Science and Technology, 2000.

Knowledge Discovery in Large Image Databases: Dealing with Uncertainties in Ground Truth, P. Smyth, M. Burl, U. Fayyad, P. Perona, KDD Workshop 1994, AAAI Technical Report WS-94-03, pp. 109-120, 1994.


Active Learning

Improving Generalization with Active Learning, D Cohn, L. Atlas, and R. Ladner, Machine Learning 15(2), 201-221, May 1994.

On Active Learning for Data Acquisition, Z. Zheng and B. Padmanabhan, In Proc. of IEEE Intl. Conf. on Data Mining, 2002.

Active Sampling for Class Probability Estimation and Ranking, M. Saar-Tsechansky and F. Provost, Machine Learning 54:2 2004, 153-178.

The Learning-Curve Sampling Method Applied to Model-Based Clustering, C. Meek, B. Thiesson, and D. Heckerman, Journal of Machine Learning Research 2:397-418, 2002.

Active Sampling for Feature Selection, S. Veeramachaneni and P. Avesani, Third IEEE Conference on Data Mining, 2003.

Heterogeneous Uncertainty Sampling for Supervised Learning, D. Lewis and J. Catlett, In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Machine Learning, 148-156, 1994.

Learning When Training Data are Costly: The Effect of Class Distribution on Tree Induction, G. Weiss and F. Provost, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 19:315-354, 2003.

Active Learning using Adaptive Resampling, KDD 2000, 91-98.


Cost-Sensitive Learning

Types of Cost in Inductive Concept Learning, P. Turney, In Proceedings Workshop on Cost-Sensitive Learning at the Seventeenth International Conference on Machine Learning.

Toward Scalable Learning with Non-Uniform Class and Cost Distributions: A Case Study in Credit Card Fraud Detection, P. Chan and S. Stolfo, KDD 1998.


Papers

Learning when Data Sets are Imbalanced and When Costs are Unequal and Unknown, M. Maloof, in ICML Workshop on Learning from Imbalanced Datasets II, 2003.

Uncertainty Sampling Methods for One-class Classifiers, P. Juszcak and R. Duin, in ICML Workshop on Learning from Imbalanced Datasets II, 2003.

C4.5, Class Imbalance, and Cost Sensitivity: Why Under-Sampling beats Over-Sampling, C. Drummond and R. Holte, in ICML Workshop onLearning from Imbalanced Datasets II, 2003.

C4.5 and Imbalanced Data sets: Investigating the effect of sampling method, probabilistic estimate, and decision tree structure, N. Chawla, in ICML Workshop on Learning from Imbalanced Datasets II, 2003.

Wrapper-based Computation and Evaluation of Sampling Methods for Imbalanced Datasets, N. Chawla, L. Hall, and A. Joshi, in Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Utility-based Data Mining, 24-33, 2005.

Learning from Little: Comparison of Classifiers Given Little of Classifiers given Little Training, G. Forman and I. Cohen, in 8th European Conference on Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases, 161-172, 2004.

A Multiple Resampling Method for Learning from Imbalanced Data Sets, A. Estabrooks, T. Jo, and N. Japkowicz, in Computational Intelligence, 20(1), 2004.

A Study of the Behavior of Several Methods for Balancing Machine Learning Training Data, G. Batista, R. Prati, and M. Monard, SIGKDD Explorations, 6(1):20-29, 2004.

Class Imbalance versus Small Disjuncts, T. Jo and N. Japkowicz, SIGKDD Explorations, 6(1): 40-49, 2004.

Extreme Re-balancing for SVMs: a Case Study, B. Raskutti and A. Kowalczyk, SIGKDD Explorations, 6(1):60-69, 2004.

Generative Oversampling for Mining Imbalanced Datasets, A. Liu, J. Ghosh, and C. Martin, Third International Conference on Data Mining (DMIN-07), 66-72.

Computing Machinery and Intelligence

Class Imbalances: Are we Focusing on the Right Issue?, N. Japkowicz, in ICML Workshop on Learning from Imbalanced Datasets II, 2003.


Recommender Systems

Trust No One: Evaluating Trust-based Filtering for Recommenders, J. O’Donovan and B. Smyth, In Proceedings of the 19th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-05), 2005, 1663-1665.

Trust in Recommender Systems, J. O’Donovan and B. Symyth, In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI-05), 2005, 167-174.


10 Cutting Edge Research-Papers In Computer Vision and Image Generation:


21 hottest research papers on Computer Vision and Machine Learning:


10 Important AI Research Papers:


6 Top NLP Papers:


The 18 Best Books About AI:


Top 30 most influential papers in the world of big data:


Top Papers on Clustering Algorithms:


5 Latest Research Papers On ML You Must Read:


Readings in Databases:


The 5 Best Data Science Books for Non-Techies:


Five Must-Read Statistics Books to Become a Successful Data Analyst:


Deep Learning Papers:


Research Papers on Programming Languages:


Numenta Research Papers:


Awesome Machine Learning Papers:


3D Detection Papers:

The papers in this list are about Autonomous Vehicles 3D Detection and  Semantic Segmentation especially those using point clouds and in deep learning methods.



Ten Trending Academic Papers on the Future of Computer Vision:


Must-Read Papers on GANs:

Generative Adversarial Networks are one of the most interesting and popular applications of Deep Learning. Here are the list of 10 papers on GANs that will give you a great introduction to GAN as well as a foundation for understanding the state-of-the-art. 



5 Must-read Papers on Product Categorization for Data Scientists:


Must read research papers on Data Structures:


Key Papers in Deep RL:



Model-Free RL:

Deep Q-Learning



Policy Gradients



Deterministic Policy Gradients



Distributional RL



Policy Gradients with Action-Dependent Baselines



Path-Consistency Learning



Other Directions for Combining Policy-Learning and Q-Learning



Evolutionary Algorithms



Exploration:

Intrinsic Motivation



Unsupervised RL



Transfer and Multitask RL:


Hierarchy:


Memory:


Model-Based RL:

Model is Learned



Model is Given



Meta-RL:


Scaling RL:


RL in the Real World:


Safety:


Imitation Learning and Inverse Reinforcement Learning:


Reproducibility, Analysis, and Critique:


Bonus: Classic Papers in RL Theory or Review:


14 NLP Research Breakthroughs You Can Apply To Your Business:


Most Downloaded Artificial Intelligence Articles:


AI Papers and Notes:


Most Influential Data Science Research Papers:


Awesome Fraud Detection Research Papers:


Machine Learning Lectures:


Assignments:



The 5 Algorithms for Efficient Deep Learning Inference on Small Devices:

Pruning Neural Networks:




Deep Compression:




Data Quantization:




Low-Rank Approximation:




Trained Ternary Quantization:




Neuro AI Papers:


Quantum ML Papers:


Healthcare ML Papers:


Human AI Interaction Papers:


Economics ML Papers:


Text Detection Papers:


Proteins ML Papers:

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"Big data is at the foundation of all the megatrends that are happening." – Chris Lynch