Understanding Mathematics 
Articles
- Understanding Mathematics, a study guide by Peter Alfeld
- How to Develop a Mindset for Math at BetterExplained
- How do math geniuses understand extremely hard math concepts so quickly? at Quora
- Understanding Math Concepts at AllKindsOfMinds
- What is conceptual understanding? by Keith Devlin
- Learning to Learn: Math Abstraction at BetterExplained
- How to study math by Paul
Papers
- Teaching Mathematics for Understanding by Van De Walle
- A Mathematician's Lament by Paul Lockhart
- How to Survive Your College Math Class (and Take Home Something of Value) by Matthew Saltzman and Marie Coffin
- Mathematics, morally by Eugenia Cheng
Online Questions
- How to study math to really understand it and have a healthy lifestyle with free time? at Math StackExchange
Slides
- Teaching for Conceptual Understanding: Exciting Mathematics by Juanita Copley
Books
- Measurement by Paul Lockhart
- A Mathematician's Lament by Paul Lockhart
- The Art and Craft of Problem Solving by Paul Zeitz
Videos
- Mathematics - The Language of the Universe
- The World of Mathematical Reality by Paul Lockhart
- Paul Lockhart teaching Go by Chaelim "Addy" Kim
- Five Principles of Extraordinary Math Teaching TEDx talk by Dan Finkel
Mathematical Language
Links to resources talking about "the mathematical language" and how to overcome problems encountered when reading, writing, interpreting and listening to mathematics.
Articles
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Mathematical Words: Origins and Sources by John Aldrich
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Communicating in the Language of Mathematics by David Moursund (and Dick Ricketts)
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How to write mathematics clearly and keep more readers by Matthew Leitch
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The symbolic language of math by Charles Wells
Papers
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A Guide to Writing Mathematics by Dr. Kevin P. Lee
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Mathematics and the Language of Nature by F. David Peat
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The language and grammar of mathematics by Timothy Gowers
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Learning the Language of Mathematics by Robert E. Jamison
Books
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Handbook for Spoken Mathematics by Lawrence A. Chang, Ph.D. (with assistance from Carol M. White and Lila Abrahamson)
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A Handbook of Mathematical Discourse by Charles Wells
Videos
- Math isn't hard, it's a language TEDx talk by Randy Palisoc
Mathematical Notation, Terminology and Formulas
Websites
Articles
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Mathematical and scientific symbols at http://www.uefap.com/
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LaTeX Math Symbols at http://web.ift.uib.no/ and prepared by L. Kocbach
Papers
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Some Common Mathematical Symbols and Abbreviations (with History) by Isaiah Lankham, Bruno Nachtergaele, Anne Schilling
Online Questions
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All questions about mathematical notation sorted in descending order of votes at Math StackExchange
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All questions about mathematical notation sorted in descending order of votes at Stack Overflow
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All questions about mathematical terminology sorted in descending order of votes at Math StackExchange
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Where can I learn about mathematical notation? at Math StackExchange
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How to become comfortable with mathematical notation? at Ask MetaFilter
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What is the status of generating LaTeX from handwriting at Tex StackExchange
Slides
Books
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Mathematical Notation: A Guide for Engineers and Scientists by Edward R. Scheinerman
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How to Solve It: A New Aspect of Mathematical Method by George Polya
Writing
Videos
- Mathematical Notation - The Language of Mathematics by Sarada Herke
Github
- math-as-code by Jam3 (Github's repository)