AppBrewery Flutter : Null Safety Guide

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DISCLAIMER : This repository is not an official outcome of London AppBrewery Team
This repository is made to help new students get through AppBrewery Flutter Course
This repository contains notes for only coding (project) sections and explains what has changed and what's the difference.
If something is not covered here, start a discussion, not an issue! I will try to add it then.
Use latest versions of required packages and plugins, find them on pub.dev

Index

1. Terminology

2. Common issues and fixes

Using old Flutter SDK?
Android license status unknown
Option to create a new package is missing

3. Resources

Terminology

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1. Deprecated

You will often come across deprecated stuff, where it says This is deprecated. This means it's not recommended to use it anymore in your projects. You should avoid it and use alternatives.

2. Null Safety

Null safety is not your enemy! It's there you help you so you don't accidentally make something null and crash your app.
Dart has sound null safety. Basically, if you're writing any code that compiler thinks might end up being null, it will notify you right away! Isn't that cool?
Read more : Sound Null Safety, Understanding Null Safety, Null Safety in Flutter

Common Issues and Fixes

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1. Using old Flutter SDK?

Use latest Flutter SDK, currently I am using 2.2 in stable channel
- To upgrade old one, run flutter upgrade in your Terminal / Command Prompt (cmd)

2. `Android license status unknown`

There are couple of things that can cause this, I'll keep adding them in future! For now I have these solutions,

Solution 1. Accept the new ones!
- Just run flutter doctor --android-licenses
- Normally, this does the job. If it doesn't, go ahead.
Solution 2. Install / Update SDK Command Line Tools
- Open Settings panel by,
  - File > Settings (Windows and Linux)
  - Android Studio > Preferences (Mac)
- Then navigate to,
  
  Appearance & Behavior > System Settings > Android SDK
- Select the SDK Tools Tab
- Select Android SDK Command Line Tools and click Apply
- A dialog will pop up and ask you if you want to install these.
  
  Click Yes/OK and let it install, after that, close Android Studio and restart it.

3. Option to create a new `package` is missing

When I first encountered this issue, I thought there must be something wrong with just this particular update.
I searched it online, posted on Reddit, twitter, but found nothing.
Later on, I got to know that New > Package and New > Directory (Folder) options have now merged!
So, to create a new package or just a folder, simply use New > Directory option.

Resources

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1. Try out Null Safety on DartPad

2. Read Updated Flutter Docs

3. Watch and Follow Flutter's Official Youtube Channel

To learn more about Null Safety and staying updated in general.

Code to Update

Section 3 : I Am Rich App (Lesson 28)

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You right clicked on res folder but didn't find Image Asset? Don't worry Follow these steps,
- Right click on android folder and a pop-up menu will open up.
  
  From that, select Flutter > Open Android Module in Android Studio
  
  If this doesn't work for you then follow these steps,
1. Close current project by pressing File > Close Project

2. Now you will have the first screen of Android Studio.

3. Press Open an Existing Project, then Open File or Project dialog will open.

4. Here, navigate to your Flutter project in which, you want to add Image Asset

5. Expand that and you will find android folder. Select that and press OK
Both ways should open Android Part of your Flutter Project in Android Studio.
Now, at bottom right, if it's running any gradle processes, let it run. Don't interrupt! However, if you close it, it'll rebuild everything when you reopen it. So, no need to worry!
After that long build process completes, you can find Image Asset option when you click on res folder, Yay!
Add assets and again, File > Close Project, Open an Existing Project and this time, select your Flutter Project and continue!

Section 7 : Dicee App (Lesson 53)

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FlatButton is deprecated, so use TextButton instead.

Section 9 : Xylophone App (Lessons 76, 77)

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Getting a lengthy error when trying to use audioplayers plugin?
- All you need to do is open android > build.gradle (Project Level gradle file)
- Inside buildscript {}, you'll find ext.kotlin_version (Line 2 in file)
- Replace whatever version it is with Latest Stable Kotlin Version
- As of July 23, 2021 it is, ext.kotlin_version = '1.5.21'
- Now, re-install the app. If it's already running, press Stop then press Run (Play) again.
FlatButton is deprecated, so use TextButton instead.
- HOWEVER, for this module, you won't be adding any child to FlatButton, this will throw an error because child is a required property.
- So, for Xylopone Keys, use MaterialButton instead of FlatButton

Section 10 : Quizzler App (Lesson 94)

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Due to null safety, all variables in a class must have a value assigned, when created. If not, they must be declared Nullable intentionally. This rule also applies to Stateless and Stateful widgets. On top of that, in classes extending StatelessWidget, all variables must be declared final

So, make your Question class like this,

class Question {
  String questionText;
  bool questionAnswer;

  Question(this.questionText, this.questionAnswer);

  // If you want named parameters
  // Question({required this.questionText, required this.questionAnswer});
}

@required is replaced by just required (Without @ sign)
Here, the Keyword this points to current context, which happens to be Question class.

FlatButton is deprecated, so use TextButton instead.

Section 12 : BMI Calculator App (Lessons 125, 126, 128, 129)

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@required is replaced by just required (Without @ sign)

So, while making ReusableCard, lesson shows you can skip using cardChild property, but that isn't possible, due to null safety

This part is tricky, because now you can't have null arguments anymore.

So, you must have to intentionally make it Nullable, by adding ? to it, like this,

class ReusableCard extends StatelessWidget {
  final Color colour;
  final Widget? cardChild;

  ReusableCard({required this.colour, this.cardChild});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      decoration: BoxDecoration(
        color: colour, 
      ),
      child: child,
    );
  }
}

Use it like ReusableCard(color: Colors.amber) and your app won't crash.

But, it's not same for IconContent, Icon can have null value, but Text can't!

class IconContent extends StatelessWidget {
  final IconData? icon;
  final String? label;

  IconContent({this.icon, this.label});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Column(
      children: [
        Icon(icon),
        Text(label ?? ''),
      ],
    );
  }
}

So using ?? operator, you need to check if label is null or not, if it is, then you must provide a String value to it. Here, I provided an empty String.
Even if you don't pass any arguments like IconContent(), your app won't crash.

According to Lesson 129, ReusableCard now has a parameter named onPress, to get it working, use this,

class ReusableCard extends StatelessWidget {
  final Color colour;
  final Widget? cardChild;
  final void Function()? onPress;

  ReusableCard({required this.colour, this.cardChild, this.onPress});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return GestureDetector(
      onTap: onPress,
      child: Container(
        decoration: BoxDecoration(
          color: colour, 
        ),
        child: child,
      ),
    );
  }
}

Because GestureDetector's onTap property wants void Function()? as argument.

In Lesson 128, _InputPageState has a new variable which haven't been initialized. As I already told you, you must initialize them or make them Nullable.
```
class _InputPageState extends State<InputPage> {
  Gender? selectedGender;
}
```
- Here, making it Nullable will do the job. Rest of the code will work perfectly fine.

Section 13 : Clima App (Lesson 140)

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When running this app on a Physical Device, you will need Internet Permission because app is sending a request to API

Android : For this, open AndroidManifest.xml by navigating to,

android > app > src > main > AndroidManifest.xml

and add the following line,

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>

Keep the existing location permissions and add this above/below them. Add it under manifest tag, like this,

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
  package="detaineddeveloper.example.clima">

  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION"/>
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION"/>

  <!--Keep the existing location permissions above (whichever you have added previously)-->
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>

  <application
    android:label="clima"
    android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher">
    .
    .
    .
  </application>
</manifest>

iOS : I don't know, I don't have an iOS device!

AppBrewery Flutter : Null Safety Guide

Read Before Starting

Index

1. Terminology

2. Common issues and fixes

3. Resources

4. Code to Update

Terminology

1. Deprecated

2. Null Safety

Common Issues and Fixes

1. Using old Flutter SDK?

2. Android license status unknown

Solution 1. Accept the new ones!

Solution 2. Install / Update SDK Command Line Tools

3. Option to create a new package is missing

Resources

1. Try out Null Safety on DartPad

2. Read Updated Flutter Docs

3. Watch and Follow Flutter's Official Youtube Channel

Code to Update

Section 3 : I Am Rich App (Lesson 28)

Section 7 : Dicee App (Lesson 53)

Section 9 : Xylophone App (Lessons 76, 77)

Section 10 : Quizzler App (Lesson 94)

Section 12 : BMI Calculator App (Lessons 125, 126, 128, 129)

Section 13 : Clima App (Lesson 140)

About

2. `Android license status unknown`

3. Option to create a new `package` is missing