plokhotnyuk / benchmarks

Some benchmarks of different languages

Table of Content

• Overview
  • Measurements
• Test Cases
  • Brainfuck
    • bench.b
    • mandel.b
  • Base64
  • Json
  • Matmul
  • Primes
• Tests Execution
  • Environment
  • Using Docker
  • Manual Execution
    • Prerequisites
• Contribution
  • Makefile guide
    • Binary executables
    • Compiled artifacts
    • Scripting language
  • README update
  • Docker image update

Overview

The benchmarks follow the criteria:

• They are written as the average software developer would write them, i.e.

  • The algorithms are implemented as cited in public sources;
  • The libraries are used as described in the tutorials, documentation and examples;
  • The used data structures are idiomatic.

• The used algorithms are similar between the languages (as the reference implementations), variants are acceptable if the reference implementation exists.

• All final binaries are releases (optimized for performance if possible) as debug performance may vary too much depending on the compiler.

My other benchmarks: jit-benchmarks, crystal-benchmarks-game

Measurements

The measured values are:

• time spent for the benchmark execution (loading required data and code self-testing are not measured);
• memory consumption of the benchmark process, reported as base + increase, where base is the RSS before the benchmark and increase is the peak increase of the RSS during the benchmark;
• energy consumption of the CPU package during the benchmark: PP0 (cores) + PP1 (uncores like GPU) + DRAM. Currently, only Intel CPU are supported via the powercap interface.

All values are presented as: median_{±median absolute deviation}.

UPDATE: 2022-09-23

Test Cases

Brainfuck

Testing brainfuck implementations using two code samples (bench.b and mandel.b). Supports two mode:

• Verbose (default). Prints the output immediately.
• Quiet (if QUIET environment variable is set). Accumulates the output using Fletcher-16 checksum, and prints it out after the benchmark.

Brainfuck

bench.b

Language	Time, s	Memory, MiB	Energy, J
Racket (Syntax Objects)	1.293±0.001	111.65±00.71 + 0.00±00.00	46.98±00.02
C++/g++	1.317±0.000	1.82±00.02 + 0.00±00.00	52.72±00.17
Rust	1.543±0.000	0.93±00.01 + 0.00±00.00	61.72±00.13
Java	1.653±0.003	38.82±00.08 + 0.52±00.07	64.26±00.17
D/ldc2	1.659±0.002	3.01±00.02 + 0.00±00.00	66.27±00.17
D/gdc	1.661±0.000	6.55±00.04 + 0.00±00.00	68.36±00.15
C/gcc	1.667±0.000	0.88±00.01 + 0.00±00.00	64.53±00.04
C/clang	1.670±0.001	0.89±00.01 + 0.00±00.00	64.75±00.07
Kotlin/JVM	1.685±0.004	41.48±00.18 + 0.52±00.16	65.51±00.18
C++/clang++	1.738±0.000	1.65±00.03 + 0.00±00.00	67.30±00.08
Zig	1.747±0.001	0.92±00.02 + 0.00±00.00	68.37±00.55
C#/.NET Core	1.902±0.001	33.90±00.25 + 0.00±00.00	76.15±00.25
Go	1.905±0.000	2.98±00.07 + 0.00±00.00	73.64±00.17
OCaml	1.911±0.000	2.94±00.02 + 1.98±00.00	86.49±01.35
Chez Scheme	1.922±0.001	24.78±00.04 + 4.44±00.04	79.39±00.12
F#/.NET Core	1.947±0.000	37.85±00.03 + 0.56±00.00	77.86±00.20
Nim/gcc	1.962±0.000	2.01±00.04 + 0.00±00.00	76.63±00.69
Racket	1.986±0.019	92.88±00.44 + 0.00±00.00	80.21±01.03
Vala/gcc	2.090±0.000	4.24±00.09 + 0.00±00.00	78.05±00.32
Nim/clang	2.112±0.001	2.31±00.01 + 0.00±00.00	82.20±00.51
Go/gccgo	2.176±0.001	24.42±00.04 + 0.00±00.00	85.13±00.93
Vala/clang	2.266±0.000	4.32±00.08 + 0.00±00.00	84.95±00.07
V/gcc	2.277±0.000	1.84±00.05 + 0.00±00.00	85.30±00.16
Crystal	2.389±0.003	3.00±00.01 + 0.00±00.00	95.36±00.43
Julia	2.594±0.010	224.45±00.16 + 0.82±00.05	101.61±00.91
MLton	2.608±0.000	0.96±00.02 + 0.90±00.11	102.94±00.56
C#/Mono	2.686±0.001	24.89±00.04 + 0.00±00.00	107.21±00.13
V/clang	2.735±0.002	1.84±00.09 + 0.00±00.00	109.52±00.55
Scala	3.230±0.009	67.12±00.09 + 140.81±00.29	133.10±00.69
D/dmd	3.267±0.000	3.55±00.04 + 0.00±00.00	126.05±00.33
Haskell (MArray)	3.847±0.001	5.87±00.03 + 4.72±00.00	154.08±00.43
Node.js	4.154±0.004	40.49±00.05 + 2.16±00.09	165.56±00.43
Swift	5.446±0.001	13.76±00.07 + 0.00±00.00	205.19±00.30
Lua/luajit	6.484±0.015	2.50±00.03 + 0.00±00.00	258.91±00.55
Ruby/truffleruby	7.494±0.115	297.28±00.54 + 325.55±13.94	359.91±05.75
Ruby/truffleruby (--jvm)	8.155±0.067	352.85±06.71 + 467.10±19.50	392.34±02.92
Python/pypy	12.188±0.033	64.54±00.19 + 30.13±00.10	508.85±01.68
Haskell	15.028±0.010	3.85±00.03 + 7.19±00.04	679.80±08.07
Ruby (--jit)	40.868±0.197	270.47±00.06 + 0.29±00.04	1629.77±07.26
Elixir	43.616±0.243	71.01±00.79 + 0.00±00.00	1985.56±21.21
Lua	50.967±0.319	2.30±00.02 + 0.00±00.00	1955.29±18.53
Ruby/jruby	79.375±0.729	184.40±01.19 + 85.06±01.03	3537.33±31.99
Ruby	86.488±0.104	13.93±00.05 + 0.00±00.00	3604.94±19.73
Python	196.223±1.810	10.42±00.06 + 0.00±00.00	7843.33±119.79
Tcl (FP)	270.436±1.400	3.93±00.09 + 0.00±00.00	11307.54±134.33
Perl	327.444±1.656	6.86±00.09 + 0.00±00.00	13065.18±71.67
Tcl (OOP)	523.177±2.973	3.94±00.07 + 0.00±00.00	22061.79±158.35

mandel.b

Mandel in Brainfuck

Language	Time, s	Memory, MiB	Energy, J
C++/g++	10.468±0.023	1.80±00.02 + 2.24±00.02	420.90±01.56
Racket (Syntax Objects)	13.780±0.048	111.45±00.23 + 67.60±00.23	550.03±02.02
C/gcc	14.200±0.006	0.88±00.03 + 0.87±00.03	560.07±04.35
Kotlin/JVM	14.292±0.005	41.54±00.18 + 1.45±00.21	586.01±00.99
V/gcc	14.450±0.014	2.22±00.05 + 0.77±00.00	577.29±00.51
Rust	14.787±0.016	0.92±00.01 + 1.36±00.06	577.08±03.69
D/ldc2	14.924±0.016	2.94±00.01 + 0.88±00.02	595.92±00.62
C++/clang++	15.012±0.015	1.65±00.02 + 1.93±00.03	605.63±03.12
C/clang	15.122±0.013	0.90±00.02 + 0.90±00.00	647.01±03.97
D/gdc	15.238±0.081	6.56±00.03 + 1.46±00.03	636.13±04.29
Go	16.157±0.020	3.20±00.28 + 1.27±00.00	630.11±03.88
Zig	16.239±0.020	0.92±00.01 + 1.31±00.00	658.86±05.07
Swift	18.131±0.057	14.67±00.06 + 0.00±00.00	735.20±10.83
Java	18.294±0.023	37.71±00.35 + 1.88±00.36	730.92±00.72
Vala/gcc	18.477±0.005	4.20±00.03 + 1.77±00.04	691.66±00.34
C#/.NET Core	18.540±0.014	34.15±00.06 + 0.83±00.01	740.52±01.15
Go/gccgo	19.905±0.008	24.46±00.03 + 1.27±00.00	832.05±07.20
Vala/clang	20.240±0.005	4.20±00.06 + 1.73±00.08	783.19±00.73
Scala	20.996±0.005	68.20±00.10 + 141.33±00.29	877.97±01.76
V/clang	21.510±0.078	1.85±00.10 + 1.15±00.09	895.32±04.49
Crystal	21.595±0.016	2.98±00.01 + 0.69±00.05	860.94±02.42
Nim/gcc	22.723±0.079	1.98±00.02 + 0.52±00.00	924.02±07.74
Nim/clang	25.539±0.346	2.26±00.01 + 0.57±00.00	1016.20±13.25
OCaml	26.225±0.042	3.45±00.03 + 3.79±00.09	1240.48±07.92
Chez Scheme	26.957±0.030	25.36±00.02 + 3.93±00.02	1185.16±06.29
Julia	29.496±0.070	224.62±00.21 + 0.70±00.02	1123.15±08.96
Node.js	29.634±1.152	40.57±00.07 + 5.37±00.00	1250.41±55.67
C#/Mono	31.506±0.033	24.90±00.04 + 0.82±00.00	1336.77±01.87
Lua/luajit	35.074±0.035	2.44±00.02 + 0.44±00.00	1399.61±01.60
Racket	36.947±0.162	92.71±00.16 + 0.00±00.00	1628.73±10.79
Haskell (MArray)	37.326±0.013	5.67±00.03 + 6.11±00.00	1513.15±08.31
D/dmd	37.466±0.010	3.45±00.03 + 1.00±00.03	1356.90±00.40
F#/.NET Core	38.363±0.057	37.86±00.05 + 2.10±00.01	1573.80±03.64
MLton	44.875±0.023	1.30±00.33 + 4.40±00.28	1941.05±19.16
Python/pypy	48.764±0.207	64.23±00.13 + 30.59±00.09	2076.08±25.96
Ruby/truffleruby (--jvm)	80.275±0.588	353.40±01.09 + 500.07±40.27	3327.63±27.96
Ruby/truffleruby	81.176±0.481	298.34±00.74 + 257.92±09.34	3973.50±42.02
Haskell	186.181±0.556	5.58±00.06 + 30.55±00.00	8151.90±99.97

Base64

Testing base64 encoding/decoding of the large blob into the newly allocated buffers.

Base64

Language	Time, s	Memory, MiB	Energy, J
C/gcc (aklomp)	0.101±0.000	2.10±00.02 + 0.00±00.00	4.83±00.05
C/clang (aklomp)	0.101±0.000	2.16±00.01 + 0.00±00.00	4.81±00.05
Rust	0.970±0.000	2.38±00.03 + 0.12±00.01	39.54±00.34
C/clang	0.997±0.000	2.09±00.02 + 0.00±00.00	37.34±00.26
C/gcc	1.010±0.000	2.11±00.03 + 0.00±00.00	37.86±00.12
D/ldc2	1.042±0.001	3.09±00.04 + 3.96±00.01	43.46±00.77
Nim/gcc	1.081±0.001	1.63±00.05 + 5.39±00.05	42.90±00.19
Nim/clang	1.094±0.001	1.90±00.04 + 5.29±00.03	43.77±00.20
V/clang	1.160±0.007	2.36±00.03 + 1.29±00.15	47.30±00.49
Crystal	1.181±0.002	3.49±00.04 + 1.45±00.01	52.75±00.34
V/gcc	1.205±0.003	2.37±00.03 + 1.24±00.03	49.50±00.32
Ruby (--jit)	1.384±0.001	270.92±00.07 + 67.47±00.05	53.89±00.29
Ruby	1.389±0.001	14.63±00.02 + 58.67±00.03	53.74±00.10
Java	1.520±0.012	39.39±00.04 + 262.48±23.42	62.01±00.87
Scala	1.603±0.003	65.19±00.12 + 326.86±15.35	68.76±00.66
Kotlin/JVM	1.635±0.002	42.55±00.07 + 249.61±00.86	69.68±00.77
Vala/gcc	1.643±0.001	5.46±00.04 + 0.19±00.04	63.47±00.70
Vala/clang	1.643±0.001	5.46±00.04 + 0.22±00.05	62.97±00.40
C++/clang++ (libcrypto)	1.715±0.002	5.10±00.11 + 0.65±00.03	69.12±00.99
C++/g++ (libcrypto)	1.715±0.004	5.64±00.07 + 0.66±00.03	69.34±00.49
Node.js	1.743±0.006	40.76±00.04 + 38.86±00.02	70.15±00.65
Perl (MIME::Base64)	1.791±0.000	14.70±00.08 + 0.16±00.03	70.22±00.07
Go	1.875±0.002	4.22±00.05 + 3.92±00.05	80.99±00.49
PHP	2.093±0.017	17.79±00.03 + 0.00±00.00	84.17±00.78
D/gdc	2.442±0.003	7.52±00.07 + 3.35±00.00	108.08±00.52
D/dmd	2.739±0.001	3.60±00.12 + 3.85±00.05	119.70±00.68
Python	2.837±0.002	10.36±00.03 + 0.55±00.06	112.86±00.30
Zig	3.067±0.002	1.45±00.04 + 0.00±00.00	122.43±00.62
F#/.NET Core	3.202±0.052	38.62±00.06 + 18.68±00.71	120.67±01.23
Python/pypy	3.581±0.002	64.67±00.11 + 31.23±00.04	156.54±00.94
Tcl	3.685±0.078	5.12±00.06 + 0.00±00.00	149.06±01.75
Go/gccgo	3.720±0.002	25.62±00.20 + 7.71±00.17	168.84±00.90
C#/.NET Core	3.726±0.053	34.67±00.08 + 19.67±01.47	137.24±01.33
C#/Mono	4.692±0.014	25.71±00.08 + 18.74±00.03	193.29±01.07
Julia	5.023±0.004	244.56±00.09 + 42.28±00.09	188.22±02.10
Ruby/truffleruby (--jvm)	5.072±0.012	347.27±07.42 + 168.12±27.78	234.49±01.53
Ruby/jruby	10.519±0.026	182.81±02.29 + 80.63±02.65	420.63±01.57
Perl (MIME::Base64::Perl)	13.790±0.053	16.12±00.07 + 0.31±00.04	573.08±04.60
Ruby/truffleruby	16.232±0.006	295.77±00.95 + 232.04±04.13	647.25±03.84

Json

Testing parsing and simple calculating of values from a big JSON file.

Few notes:

• gason mutates input strings;
• simdjson requires input strings with batch of trailing zeros: a special zero padding for SIMD instructions;
• DAW JSON Link "NoCheck" skips some JSON structure correctness checks;
• DAW JSON Link, gason, default (not "Precise") RapidJSON, and D implementations except Mir-based have some inaccuracies in number parsing:
  • DAW JSON Link's number parsing issue
  • gason's number parsing issue
  • D stdlib number parsing issue

Json

Language	Time, s	Memory, MiB	Energy, J
C++/g++ (simdjson On-Demand)	0.066±0.000	112.99±00.03 + 60.31±00.07	2.73±00.01
C++/clang++ (simdjson On-Demand)	0.067±0.000	112.43±00.04 + 60.36±00.00	2.77±00.02
C++/clang++ (DAW JSON Link NoCheck)	0.070±0.001	112.39±00.06 + 0.00±00.00	2.94±00.04
C++/g++ (DAW JSON Link NoCheck)	0.080±0.000	113.28±00.02 + 0.00±00.00	3.23±00.03
C++/g++ (DAW JSON Link)	0.081±0.000	113.21±00.08 + 0.00±00.00	3.41±00.02
C++/clang++ (DAW JSON Link)	0.096±0.000	112.46±00.03 + 0.00±00.00	3.93±00.01
Rust (Serde Custom)	0.106±0.000	111.64±00.02 + 0.00±00.00	4.42±00.04
Rust (Serde Typed)	0.107±0.000	111.64±00.02 + 11.52±00.08	4.48±00.03
C++/g++ (gason)	0.132±0.000	113.06±00.11 + 96.85±00.06	5.23±00.01
C++/g++ (simdjson DOM)	0.139±0.000	113.21±00.24 + 175.85±00.23	5.92±00.03
C++/clang++ (gason)	0.143±0.000	112.40±00.06 + 96.97±00.06	5.82±00.03
D/ldc2 (Mir Asdf DOM)	0.145±0.000	112.66±00.02 + 61.26±00.01	6.03±00.02
C++/clang++ (simdjson DOM)	0.146±0.000	112.47±00.03 + 177.15±00.00	6.27±00.02
C++/g++ (RapidJSON)	0.166±0.000	113.32±00.02 + 127.47±00.30	7.05±00.07
C++/clang++ (RapidJSON)	0.235±0.000	112.36±00.07 + 129.04±00.05	9.77±00.03
D/ldc2 (Mir Amazon's Ion DOM)	0.236±0.000	112.79±00.03 + 80.70±00.00	9.81±00.06
C++/g++ (RapidJSON Precise)	0.244±0.000	113.29±00.02 + 128.82±00.05	10.24±00.08
C++/clang++ (RapidJSON Precise)	0.314±0.000	112.47±00.04 + 129.00±00.03	13.49±00.06
C++/g++ (Boost.JSON)	0.396±0.000	113.32±00.04 + 435.82±00.06	16.56±00.02
C++/g++ (RapidJSON SAX)	0.404±0.001	113.05±00.01 + 0.00±00.00	16.62±00.05
Nim/clang (jsony)	0.414±0.000	111.40±00.04 + 42.97±00.11	17.73±00.19
C++/clang++ (Boost.JSON)	0.418±0.001	112.46±00.05 + 436.25±00.06	17.59±00.14
Nim/gcc (jsony)	0.422±0.000	111.10±00.04 + 42.84±00.14	17.75±00.15
C++/g++ (RapidJSON SAX Precise)	0.448±0.000	113.07±00.01 + 0.00±00.00	19.27±00.06
Go (jsoniter)	0.520±0.002	231.00±00.12 + 1.24±00.08	22.19±00.12
C++/clang++ (RapidJSON SAX)	0.531±0.000	194.70±00.04 + 0.00±00.00	20.74±00.17
Node.js	0.546±0.006	150.03±00.06 + 188.93±00.13	25.76±00.18
Java (DSL-JSON)	0.619±0.012	259.64±00.07 + 188.73±08.78	31.78±00.67
V/gcc	0.633±0.001	111.91±00.05 + 496.18±00.09	26.27±00.15
Rust (Serde Untyped)	0.639±0.001	111.61±00.03 + 840.27±00.03	25.87±00.18
V/clang	0.639±0.000	111.97±00.03 + 496.24±00.03	26.66±00.17
C++/clang++ (RapidJSON SAX Precise)	0.663±0.000	194.66±00.03 + 0.00±00.00	26.73±00.14
Python/pypy	0.671±0.002	284.89±00.05 + 125.41±00.04	29.24±00.15
Crystal (Pull)	0.687±0.005	113.42±00.04 + 18.47±00.03	30.07±00.17
Crystal (Schema)	0.704±0.002	113.40±00.02 + 48.88±00.03	30.82±00.16
C#/.NET Core (System.Text.Json)	0.755±0.001	479.22±00.04 + 138.55±00.00	32.96±00.31
Zig	0.773±0.000	110.75±00.01 + 11.98±00.06	30.65±00.20
Julia (JSON3)	0.818±0.005	452.44±00.58 + 212.54±02.91	33.11±00.26
Perl (Cpanel::JSON::XS)	0.834±0.009	125.32±00.10 + 402.87±00.02	34.85±00.42
Go	0.856±0.001	117.22±00.02 + 79.73±00.22	35.32±00.31
Crystal	0.937±0.005	113.52±00.08 + 392.53±00.03	42.18±00.34
PHP	0.982±0.002	126.96±00.04 + 682.21±00.00	40.85±00.23
Nim/clang (Packedjson)	0.991±0.002	112.15±00.02 + 294.42±00.00	40.83±00.21
Nim/gcc (Packedjson)	1.010±0.001	111.83±00.03 + 294.42±00.00	41.89±00.21
C++/clang++ (json-c)	1.194±0.007	112.71±00.07 + 1216.11±00.03	50.61±00.93
C++/g++ (json-c)	1.198±0.006	113.43±00.04 + 1215.96±00.00	50.29±00.65
Clojure	1.199±0.019	464.27±05.08 + 541.31±49.27	61.77±00.48
Go/gccgo	1.259±0.003	138.89±00.04 + 83.65±00.10	53.56±00.15
C#/.NET Core	1.283±0.013	486.95±00.07 + 294.45±00.04	55.84±00.54
C++/clang++ (Nlohmann)	1.297±0.002	112.59±00.05 + 360.20±00.00	54.81±00.28
Nim/gcc	1.345±0.002	111.87±00.04 + 919.93±00.00	56.30±00.21
Nim/clang	1.351±0.004	112.15±00.01 + 925.03±00.00	55.67±00.23
Ruby (--jit)	1.448±0.007	380.59±00.07 + 263.15±00.02	61.92±00.27
Ruby	1.449±0.003	123.97±00.02 + 263.11±00.01	61.61±00.15
CPython (UltraJSON)	1.454±0.003	122.26±00.13 + 545.52±01.28	54.11±00.21
C++/g++ (Nlohmann)	1.489±0.008	113.32±00.03 + 447.92±00.04	60.89±00.57
Python	1.524±0.002	120.30±00.07 + 375.25±00.03	60.10±00.20
F#/.NET Core (System.Text.Json)	1.777±0.004	486.91±00.03 + 345.26±00.13	77.46±00.66
Ruby (YAJL)	1.962±0.010	123.89±00.04 + 282.64±00.07	82.95±00.75
Scala (uPickle)	1.997±0.014	292.25±00.16 + 702.97±67.44	97.94±00.61
D/ldc2	2.079±0.003	112.90±00.05 + 680.22±00.05	86.04±00.27
C#/Mono	2.306±0.027	252.32±00.07 + 31.57±00.02	97.12±00.89
Haskell	2.590±0.005	117.60±00.03 + 713.50±00.38	110.05±01.10
Rust (jq)	2.804±0.003	113.77±00.06 + 779.44±00.39	116.12±00.64
Ruby/jruby	2.998±0.038	442.51±05.84 + 930.50±130.38	151.53±02.51
C++/clang++ (Boost.PropertyTree)	3.158±0.003	194.88±00.03 + 1232.84±00.06	131.20±00.85
C++/g++ (Boost.PropertyTree)	3.341±0.009	113.17±00.03 + 1440.16±00.03	139.24±00.94
Vala/gcc	3.613±0.008	114.75±00.06 + 940.52±00.09	155.10±01.78
Vala/clang	3.613±0.014	114.75±00.03 + 940.56±00.09	153.78±01.48
D/gdc	3.656±0.008	116.62±00.05 + 681.22±00.10	156.04±00.72
D/dmd	4.534±0.004	113.23±00.04 + 680.46±00.04	181.45±00.78
Perl (JSON::Tiny)	9.712±0.100	125.59±00.03 + 529.02±00.02	427.10±03.42
Ruby/truffleruby (--jvm)	14.091±0.265	477.27±14.72 + 2545.17±68.47	912.67±20.03
Ruby/truffleruby	24.040±0.350	433.56±02.08 + 2561.27±48.17	1194.76±20.42

Matmul

Testing allocating and multiplying matrices.

Matmul

Language	Time, s	Memory, MiB	Energy, J
D/ldc2 (lubeck)	0.043±0.000	5.84±00.04 + 57.97±00.13	4.42±00.02
Nim/gcc (Arraymancer)	0.063±0.006	4.69±00.01 + 58.04±00.15	5.21±00.52
Python (NumPy)	0.067±0.000	30.06±00.12 + 58.10±00.03	6.29±00.03
C++/clang++ (Eigen)	0.071±0.003	38.76±05.62 + 51.51±05.67	5.87±00.10
C++/g++ (Eigen)	0.076±0.003	19.72±13.35 + 70.30±13.23	5.60±00.15
Java (ND4J)	0.078±0.001	105.22±01.56 + 92.03±00.12	6.13±00.06
Nim/clang (Arraymancer)	0.081±0.012	6.19±00.07 + 57.45±00.14	6.87±00.69
Rust (ndarray)	0.090±0.001	2.24±00.04 + 68.74±00.05	6.11±00.07
Julia (threads: 2)	0.101±0.000	265.20±00.47 + 46.43±00.13	5.91±00.02
Julia (threads: 1)	0.151±0.000	265.55±00.25 + 45.95±00.09	7.30±00.08
Julia (no BLAS)	1.041±0.012	243.90±00.24 + 51.54±00.04	46.04±00.54
D/ldc2	1.715±0.002	3.17±00.02 + 70.49±00.03	63.20±00.18
D/gdc	1.870±0.002	6.81±00.06 + 70.97±00.03	73.21±00.21
D/dmd	1.874±0.002	3.42±00.02 + 70.48±00.01	71.16±00.16
C/gcc	3.029±0.000	1.50±00.02 + 68.74±00.04	111.52±00.91
Vala/clang	3.060±0.001	3.93±00.08 + 69.88±00.07	105.78±00.97
C/clang	3.062±0.000	1.51±00.01 + 68.73±00.03	104.53±00.17
Rust	3.064±0.001	2.02±00.04 + 68.88±00.07	104.85±00.19
Zig	3.085±0.001	1.40±00.02 + 68.89±00.00	109.21±00.14
Nim/gcc	3.089±0.002	2.51±00.03 + 66.26±00.00	114.20±00.48
Java	3.089±0.001	38.29±00.04 + 68.54±00.13	109.95±00.09
Swift	3.096±0.000	6.55±00.03 + 68.91±00.01	110.89±01.35
Nim/clang	3.121±0.001	2.78±00.01 + 66.00±00.00	107.00±00.38
Vala/gcc	3.125±0.001	3.95±00.03 + 69.91±00.04	114.45±00.11
Go	3.152±0.000	3.70±00.04 + 73.19±00.09	115.16±01.26
Crystal	3.160±0.001	3.78±00.05 + 59.96±00.01	115.82±00.30
Go/gccgo	3.160±0.001	24.82±00.03 + 73.40±00.05	112.08±00.21
V/gcc	3.188±0.001	2.53±00.12 + 70.90±00.00	120.57±00.24
V/clang	3.194±0.001	2.89±00.03 + 70.90±00.00	120.75±00.24
Node.js	3.208±0.001	45.17±00.06 + 70.61±00.00	129.36±00.17
Python/pypy	3.268±0.002	65.50±00.07 + 68.63±00.04	135.95±00.19
Scala	3.334±0.004	66.21±00.12 + 147.70±00.19	122.19±00.14
Kotlin/JVM	3.680±0.003	40.47±00.06 + 68.25±00.27	153.89±00.35
C#/.NET Core	4.874±0.000	34.59±00.03 + 69.33±00.00	195.95±00.22
C#/Mono	7.413±0.000	25.43±00.10 + 69.52±00.02	302.00±03.34
Ruby/truffleruby	16.489±2.861	366.34±03.56 + 447.40±65.47	625.65±94.01
Ruby/truffleruby (--jvm)	25.232±0.159	460.71±32.48 + 446.25±62.62	903.31±14.59
Ruby	199.779±1.180	14.88±00.07 + 69.07±00.02	8676.55±45.16
Ruby (--jit)	202.181±2.040	271.47±00.04 + 69.06±00.02	8655.57±187.67
Perl	222.566±1.469	9.40±00.08 + 599.71±00.03	9015.71±75.12
Python	280.771±2.283	10.62±00.07 + 69.09±00.06	11178.73±44.71
Tcl	334.061±2.020	7.35±00.06 + 400.18±00.00	13954.09±93.63
Ruby/jruby	389.418±5.069	268.52±02.25 + 709.04±17.44	16350.68±256.43

Primes

Testing:

• generating primes using the optimized sieve of Atkin;
• prefix search for their decimal numbers using Trie data structure.

Notes:

• All languages but V and Python use unordered hashmaps (V and Python don't provide those out of box, and their hashmaps use keys in the insertion order);
• The results are always sorted (could be unstable or stable though).

Primes

Language	Time, s	Memory, MiB	Energy, J
Zig	0.059±0.000	0.92±00.01 + 48.53±00.03	2.45±00.02
Crystal	0.122±0.000	2.98±00.03 + 90.71±00.17	5.52±00.08
Rust	0.140±0.000	0.94±00.01 + 74.26±00.07	5.35±00.05
Java	0.159±0.002	38.27±00.10 + 153.79±03.78	8.89±00.06
C++/g++	0.189±0.000	2.70±00.90 + 116.66±00.81	7.76±00.05
C++/clang++	0.198±0.000	1.66±00.02 + 87.96±00.02	7.79±00.09
V/clang	0.212±0.001	1.91±00.05 + 203.15±01.44	8.46±00.06
Node.js	0.227±0.002	39.10±00.03 + 150.29±00.26	11.37±00.12
V/gcc	0.240±0.001	2.28±00.14 + 219.14±00.67	9.66±00.12
Nim/clang	0.297±0.001	2.07±00.01 + 601.73±02.96	11.72±00.09
Lua/luajit	0.338±0.002	1.20±00.02 + 157.12±01.04	13.22±00.05
Nim/gcc	0.352±0.003	1.68±00.07 + 614.62±00.26	13.48±00.20
Scala	0.362±0.006	67.43±00.09 + 248.88±11.36	18.63±00.35
Julia	0.597±0.001	246.42±00.24 + 374.41±01.06	23.23±00.15
Python/pypy	0.880±0.002	63.32±00.09 + 250.27±00.06	34.53±00.42
Ruby/truffleruby (--jvm)	1.381±0.026	354.60±10.97 + 552.99±34.23	90.57±01.36
Ruby (--jit)	1.442±0.004	270.43±00.06 + 147.02±00.05	59.14±00.99
Lua	1.478±0.004	2.28±00.01 + 283.04±00.48	57.46±00.33
Ruby/truffleruby	1.506±0.007	294.80±00.82 + 410.90±26.05	84.20±00.88
Ruby/jruby	1.990±0.057	182.28±01.67 + 538.37±28.70	102.14±03.48
Ruby	2.057±0.005	13.87±00.07 + 147.07±00.04	82.80±00.47
Python	5.022±0.024	10.49±00.04 + 234.72±00.26	196.62±02.52

Tests Execution

Environment

CPU: Intel(R) Xeon(R) E-2324G

Base Docker image: Debian GNU/Linux bookworm/sid

Language	Version
.NET Core	6.0.401
C#/.NET Core	4.3.0-3.22415.1 (8301d484)
C#/Mono	6.8.0.105
Chez Scheme	9.5.4
Clojure	"1.11.1"
Crystal	1.5.1
D/dmd	v2.100.2
D/gdc	12.2.0
D/ldc2	1.30.0
Elixir	1.12.2
F#/.NET Core	12.0.4.0 for F# 6.0
Go	go1.19.1
Go/gccgo	12.2.0
Haskell	9.4.2
Java	19
Julia	v"1.8.1"
Kotlin	1.7.10
Lua	5.4.4
Lua/luajit	2.1.0-beta3
MLton	20210117
Nim	1.6.6
Node.js	v18.9.0
OCaml	4.14.0
PHP	8.1.5
Perl	v5.34.0
Python	3.10.7
Python/pypy	7.3.9-final0 for Python 3.9.12
Racket	"8.6"
Ruby	3.1.2p20
Ruby/jruby	9.3.8.0
Ruby/truffleruby	22.2.0
Rust	1.64.0
Scala	3.2.0
Swift	5.7
Tcl	8.6
V	0.3.1 993802f
Vala	0.56.3
Zig	0.9.1
clang/clang++	14.0.6
gcc/g++	12.2.0

Using Docker

Build the image:

$ docker build docker/ -t benchmarks

The pinned packages could be missing, in that case please update them with:

$ ./run.sh update_apt

Run the image:

$ docker run -it --rm -v $(pwd):/src benchmarks <cmd>

where <cmd> is:

• versions (print installed language versions);
• shell (start the shell);
• brainfuck bench (build and run Brainfuck bench.b benchmarks);
• brainfuck mandel (build and run Brainfuck mandel.b benchmarks);
• base64 (build and run Base64 benchmarks);
• json (build and run Json benchmarks);
• matmul (build and run Matmul benchmarks);
• primes (build and run Primes benchmarks);

Please note that the actual measurements provided in the project are taken semi-manually (via shell) as the full update takes days and could have occassional issues in Docker.

There is a ./run.sh that could be used to simplify Docker usage:

• ./run.sh build (build the image);
• ./run.sh make versions (run the image with the versions command);
• sudo ./run.sh shell (run the image with the `shell' command, sudo is required to read energy levels).

Manual Execution

Makefiles contain recipes for building and executing tests with the proper dependencies. Please use make run (and make run2 where applicable). The measurements are taken using analyze.rb script:

$ cd <test suite>
$ ../analyze.rb make run
$ ../analyze.rb make run[<single test>]

Please note that the measurements could take hours. It uses 10 iterations by default, but it could be changed using ATTEMPTS environment variable:

$ ATTEMPTS=1 ../analyze.rb make run

Prerequisites

Please use Dockerfile as a reference regarding which packages and tools are required.

For all (optional):

• Powercap for reading energy counters in Linux (Debian package powercap-utils).

For Python:

• NumPy for matmul tests (Debian package python3-numpy).
• UltraJSON for JSON tests (Debian package python3-ujson).

For C++:

• Boost for JSON tests (Debian package libboost-dev).
• JSON-C for JSON tests (Debian package libjson-c-dev).

For Rust:

• libjq for jq test (Debian packages libjq-dev, libonig-dev and environment variable JQ_LIB_DIR=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/).

For Java, Scala:

• Coursier for downloading Maven artifacts.

For Haskell:

• network for TCP connectivity between the tests and the test runner.
• raw-strings-qq for raw string literals used in tests.

For Perl:

• cpanminus for installing modules from CPAN (Debian package cpanminus).

For Vala:

• JSON-GLib for JSON tests (Debian package libjson-glib-dev).

Contribution

Please follow the criteria specified in the overview. Besides that please ensure that the communication protocol between a test and the test runner is satisfied:

• The test runner listens on localhost:9001;
• All messages are sent using TCP sockets closed immediately after the message has been sent;
• There are two messages sent from a test (it establishes the measurement boundary):
  1. The beginning message having the format name of the test/tprocess ID (the process ID is used to measure the memory consumption). Please note that the name of the test couldn't use Tab character as it's a delimiter;
  2. The end message with any content (mostly it's "stop" for consistency).
• The test runner could be unavailable (if the test is launched as is) and the test should gracefully handle it.

Makefile guide

Binary executables

If the test is compiled into a single binary, then two sections of the Makefile require changes:

• append a new target (the final binary location) into executables variable;
• append the proper target rule.

Compiled artifacts

If the test is compiled, but can't be executed directly as a binary, then three sections of the Makefile require changes:

• append a new target (the final artifact location) into artifacts variable;
• append the proper target rule to compile the test;
• append run[<target_artifact>] rule to run the test.

Scripting language

If the test doesn't require compilation, then two sections of the Makefile requires changes:

• append run[<script_file>] into all_runners variable;
• append run[<script_file>] rule to run the test.

README update

TOC is regenerated using git-markdown-toc:

./run.sh toc

Docker image update

Debian packages are pinned and updated with the script (first, please ensure that the image is fine with the linter):

./run.sh lint
./run.sh update_apt