Git Style Guide

This is a Git Style Guide inspired by How to Get Your Change Into the Linux Kernel, the git man pages and various practices popular among the community.

Branches
Commits
Messages
Merging
GitHub
Misc.

Branches

Choose short and descriptive names:

Namespace your branches with your username

# good
$ git checkout -b rauhryan/oauth-migration

# bad - too vague, no namespace, uses underscores instead of hyphens
$ git checkout -b login_fix

# bad - too vague
$ git checkout -b dan/css-fixes

# bad - no namespace
$ git checkout -b oauth-migration

Use hyphens to separate words.
When several people are working on the same feature, use a team-wide feature branch. Use the following naming convention:
```
$ git checkout -b pairing/oauth-migration # team-wide branch
```
Merge at will to the team-wide branch (see "Merging"). If you hit a can't fast-forward error, you should rebase your local" changes and push. Team branches should always fast-forward merge.
Delete your branch from the upstream repository after it's merged, unless there is a specific reason not to.

Tip: Use the following command while being on "master", to list merged branches:
```
$ git branch --merged | grep -v "\*"
```
See "Closing GitHub PR's"

Commits

Each commit should be a single logical change. Don't make several logical changes in one commit. For example, if a patch fixes a bug and optimizes the performance of a feature, split it into two separate commits.

Tip: Use git add -p to interactively stage specific portions of the modified files.
Don't split a single logical change into several commits. For example, the implementation of a feature and the corresponding tests should be in the same commit.
Commit early and often. Small, self-contained commits are easier to understand and revert when something goes wrong.
Commits should be ordered logically. For example, if commit X depends on changes done in commit Y, then commit Y should come before commit X.

Note: While working alone on a local branch that has not yet been pushed, it's fine to use commits as temporary snapshots of your work. However, it still holds true that you should apply all of the above before pushing it.

Note: The above is a general rule of thumb and a philosophical goal of good commit and good commit messages, we are all human, but in general try to be kind to the next developer who is #Gblame what is this? 6 months from now?

Messages

Use the editor, not the terminal, when writing a commit message:
```
# good
$ git commit

# bad
$ git commit -m "Quick fix"
```
Committing from the terminal encourages a mindset of having to fit everything in a single line which usually results in non-informative, ambiguous commit messages.
The summary line (ie. the first line of the message) should be descriptive yet succinct. Ideally, it should be no longer than 72 characters. It should be capitalized and written in imperative present tense. It should not end with a period since it is effectively the commit title:
```
# good - imperative present tense, capitalized, fewer than 50 characters
Mark huge records as obsolete when clearing hinting faults

# bad
fixed ActiveModel::Errors deprecation messages failing when AR was used outside of Rails.
```

After that should come a blank line followed by a more thorough description. It should be wrapped to 72 characters and explain why the change is needed, how it addresses the issue and what side-effects it might have.

It should also provide any pointers to related resources (eg. link to the corresponding issue in a bug tracker):

Short (72 chars or fewer) summary of changes

More detailed explanatory text, if necessary. Wrap it to
72 characters. In some contexts, the first
line is treated as the subject of an email and the rest of
the text as the body.  The blank line separating the
summary from the body is critical (unless you omit the body
entirely); tools like rebase can get confused if you run
the two together.

Further paragraphs come after blank lines.

- Bullet points are okay, too

- Use a hyphen or an asterisk for the bullet,
  followed by a single space, with blank lines in
  between

The pointers to your related resources can serve as a footer 
for your commit message. 

Here is an example that is referencing issues in HelpScout:

Context: https://secure.helpscout.net/conversation/564632389/11560/?folderId=478104v

Here is an example that is referencing issues in Sentry.io:

Context: https://sentry.io/omc/bonsai/issues/532169690/

Ultimately, when writing a commit message, think about what you would need to know if you run across the commit in a year from now.

If a commit is going to be squashed to another commit use the --squash and --fixup flags respectively, in order to make the intention clear:
```
$ git commit --squash f387cab2
```
(Tip: Use the --autosquash flag when rebasing. The marked commits will be squashed automatically.)

Merging

Do not rewrite published history. The repository's history is valuable in its own right and it is very important to be able to tell what actually happened. Altering published history is a common source of problems for anyone working on the project.
However, there are cases where rewriting history is legitimate. These are when:
- You are the only one working on the branch and it is not being reviewed.
- You want to tidy up your branch (eg. squash commits) and/or rebase it onto the "master" in order to merge it later.
That said, never rewrite the history of the "master" branch or any other special branches (ie. used by production or CI servers).
Keep the history clean and simple. Just before you merge your branch:
1. Make sure it conforms to the style guide and perform any needed actions if it doesn't (squash/reorder commits, reword messages etc.)
2. Merging your code into master should be done using the GitHub Merge Button™
When dealing with long lived branches that need to be brought "up-to-date" with recent merges to the master branch. Prefer merging over rebasing if you have already pushed your branch to a remote or you have an open GitHub pull-request for your branch.
```
# good - uses merge
$ git merge origin/master && git push

# bad - uses rebase and requires a force push
$ git rebase origin/master && git push -f
```
In general this is to avoid force pushes onto code that has already been pushed to the remote, if you've pushed something, we should be mindful that someone else on the team may have pulled that code down and is in the process of collaborating with you. Collisions are really hard to wrap your mind around.

As a best practice, it's"OK" to fetch changes from GitHub and merge the lastest master branch into your feature branch multiple times during the life cycle of your feature development.
```
$ git fetch --all

# notice that origin/master has changed

$ git merge origin/master
```
The earlier you catch merge conflicts the easier they are to resolve

GitHub

Pull Requests

Titles should be descriptive yet succinct. Ideally, it should be no longer than 72 characters. It should be capitalized and written in imperative present tense.
```
# good -
"Moves cluster usage polling into a background job"

# bad - too vague
"CSS updates"

# bad - past tense, too vague
"Fixed some broken tests"
```

Pull request bodies should contain a brief explaination of why the change is needed, how it addresses the issue and what side-effects it might have.

It should also represent any dependencies with other GitHub issues or pull requests using the GitHub Flavored Markdown syntax used to link issues together in GitHub:

It should also provide any pointers to related resources (eg. link to the corresponding issues in GitHub or HelpScout):

Needs user/repo#123 #=> dependent on merging referenced PR
Closes #456 when merged #=> automatically closes issue when
merged and deployed
Related to user/repo#123 #=> Related to an other body of work

More detailed explanatory text, if necessary. Wrap it to
72 characters. In some contexts, the first
line is treated as the subject of an email and the rest of
the text as the body.  The blank line separating the
summary from the body is critical (unless you omit the body
entirely); tools like rebase can get confused if you run
the two together.

Further paragraphs come after blank lines.

- Bullet points are okay, too

- Use a hyphen or an asterisk for the bullet,
  followed by a single space, with blank lines in
  between

The pointers to your related resources can serve as a footer
for your commit message.

Here is an example that is referencing issues in HelpScout:

Context: https://secure.helpscout.net/conversation/564632389/11560/?folderId=478104v

Here is an example that is referencing issues in Sentry.io:

Context: https://sentry.io/omc/bonsai/issues/532169690/

It is helpful to give visual context when working on UI related tasks. When possible it is nice to include before and after screenshots or the changes the PR is applying.

When including screenshots, prefer comments over embedding them into the body field.
```
## before
![Alt text](http://via.placeholder.com/350x150?text=before)
## after
![Alt text](http://via.placeholder.com/350x150?text=after)
```
Closing pull requests

In general, only merge a pull request when all the automated checks are finished and successful. Unless its an emergency or otherwise nessasary, avoid merging pull requests without at least one approved code review from another teammate.

Prefer using the GitHub UI and the Merge button when merging code into the default branch (master) over using merging your code manually with git. If you don't want to do that or consider yourself an expert terminal cow poke, merge using the --no-ff flag and include the pull request number in your commit message

$ git merge rauhryan/weekly-performance-email --no-ff -m "Merging pull request #456"

This keeps context in the master branch with "merge bumps" that have nice url's that reference back to the pull request that merged in the feature/bug fix

When working on long lived applications, context and git history is paramount to long term maintainability. This is nuanced and there are grey-areas and holy wars over merge vs rebase which are valid in contexts of maintaining open-source libraries where backward compatibility is important and semver is required. If there is no good reason to rewrite git history, closing pull requests with the "Create merge commit" option should always be prefered over Squash and merge and Rebase and merge

In summary:

Don't merge without someone else's eyeballs
Wait till all the statuses are successfull
Use the MergeButton with Create a merge commit

GitHub Issues

How to write a good bug report

A good GitHub issues should container the following:

Summary: The goal of summary is to make the report searchable and uniquely identifiable.

# bad
Drag crash

# good
Drag-selecting the table element on the clusters page crashes Chrome 49 on OSX 10.7

A brief description of the issue with any related context that is useful

Steps to reproduce the problem

1. Load the attached testcase in Browser XYZ

2. Scroll to the bottom of the page

3. Click the link

4. Press tab to navigate links

Expected results

Brief explaination of what the expected outcome of your steps to reproduce should have been
Actual results

Brief explaination of what actually happens.

👍 to include screenshots, stacktraces, error messages, or links to Sentry errors or HelpScout tickets

Misc.

There are various workflows and each one has its strengths and weaknesses. Whether a workflow fits your case, depends on the team, the project and your development procedures.

That said, it is important to actually choose a workflow and stick with it.
Be consistent. This is related to the workflow but also expands to things like commit messages, branch names and tags. Having a consistent style throughout the repository makes it easy to understand what is going on by looking at the log, a commit message etc.
Test before you push. Do not push half-done work.
Use annotated tags for marking releases or other important points in the history. Prefer lightweight tags for personal use, such as to bookmark commits for future reference.
Keep your repositories at a good shape by performing maintenance tasks occasionally:

License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

Credits

Agis Anastasopoulos / @agisanast / http://agis.io ... and contributors!

omc / git-style-guide