A collection of libraries, experiments and ideas relating to OCaml 5 (multicore + effects). With the merging of the main multicore-ocaml branch into OCaml trunk, a parallel and effectful world is fast approaching.
This repository collects useful libraries, ideas and experiments relating to the use of Multicore OCaml features (primarily parallelism with domains and direct-style code with effects).
For contributing, see the guide.
If you are wondering what even is Multicore OCaml, you could start by watching KC's keynote at ICFP 2022. To know more about how Multicore OCaml evolved over the years, see this video from 2014 about Multicore OCaml by Stephen Dolan and co., then one on how to parallelise your OCaml code and how we can adapt the existing ecosystem to support Multicore OCaml.
For understanding effects in OCaml 5 you can watch KC Sivaramakrishnan's Effective Programming in OCaml 5 talk and also Thomas Leonard's talk at the 2021 OCaml Workshop on Experiences with Effects. Note both videos use a syntax for effects that will not exist in OCaml 5.00 (see also ppx_effects).
For more resources like this, check the Multicore OCaml wiki.
There's a WIP PR to start submoduling repositories so it can be a one-stop shop for taking OCaml 5.00 for a spin, see the PR.
OCaml 5 is out! The compiler can be obtained with the following instructions on Linux and Mac machines.
λ opam update
λ opam switch create 5.0.0
λ eval $(opam env)
Repository: https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio
Eio implements an effects-based direct-style IO stack for multicore OCaml. It supports multiple backends including a performant io-uring one and a portable libuv backend. A 0.1 release is now available from opam-repository.
Repository: https://erratique.ch/software/affect
Affect provides composable concurrency primitives for OCaml using the effect handlers available in OCaml 5.0. Affect should be seen as an experiment at that point.
Repository: https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/domainslib
Domainslib provides data-structures for parallel programming on top of multicore primitives. This includes a work-stealing task pool and channels for inter-domain communication.
Repository: https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/lockfree
Lock-free is collection of non-blocking data structures for multicore OCaml.
Some useful and relevant OCaml.5 x Lwt discussions:
Repository: https://github.com/talex5/lwt_eio
Lwt_eio provides an "lwt engine" using Eio making it possible to use both Eio and Lwt in the same codebase. A 0.1 release is now available from opam-repository.
Repository: https://github.com/ocsigen/lwt
Lwt now has a package called lwt-domain. This provides useful functions for programming with Lwt and Domainslib.
Repository: https://github.com/talex5/async_eio
Async_eio allows running Async and Eio code together in a single domain. It allows converting existing code to Eio incrementally.
Repository: https://github.com/UnixJunkie/parany/tree/domains
The Parany git branch called "domains" is compatible with multicore-ocaml.
Repository: https://github.com/haesbaert/ocaml-processor
The library allows you to query the processor topology as well as set the processor affinity for the current process.
Repository: https://github.com/mirage/ocaml-cohttp/tree/master/cohttp-eio
cohttp-eio is a HTTP client and server library built using eio. It enables monad-less, direct style programming of multi-core capable HTTP web server and client applications. Monads be gone.
Repository: https://github.com/mirage/mirage-crypto/tree/main/rng/eio
mirage-crypto-rng-eio allows to use various crypto functions in an eio application.
Repository: https://github.com/ocsigen/js_of_ocaml
js_of_ocaml supports effects through CPS transformations - this means one can start running effects in browsers! Implementation details can be found in Jérôme Vouillon
's PR
Repository: https://github.com/mirleft/ocaml-tls
tls_eio supports effectful operations using Eio.
Repository: https://github.com/RedPRL/algaeff
algaeff is a collection of well-known reusable effects-based components (states, generators, etc.) packaged as an OPAM library.
Repository: https://github.com/jmid/multicoretests
Experimental property-based tests of (parts of) the OCaml multicore compiler. The project contains a randomized testsuite of OCaml 5.0 based on QCheck and two reusable testing libraries Lin and STM.
Repository: https://github.com/sadiqj/runtime_events_tools
A collection of observability tools around the runtime events tracing system introduced in OCaml 5.0.
Repository: https://github.com/patricoferris/eio-console
Eio-console provides an application for monitoring running programs. This works in the browser, communicating information over a websocket.
Repository: https://github.com/OlivierNicole/ocaml-tsan
ThreadSanitizer (TSan) is an effective approach to locate data races in parallel code. This extended version of the OCaml compiler generates instrumented executables that will print error reports if a data race is detected.
Repository: https://github.com/talex5/dream/tree/eio
See also the draft PR that uses Dream, Eio and lwt_eio to provide a direct-style interface to Dream.
Repository: https://github.com/CraigFe/ppx_effects
The effects in OCaml 5 will not support a dedicated syntax, but plans exist for this perhaps once the effects are typed. Until then this ppx provides an approximation to the proposed syntax.
Repository: https://gitlab.com/talex5/gemini-eio
The gemini protocol implemented in direct-style using eio.
Repository: https://github.com/dhil/ocaml-multicont
Built on top of the continuations in Multicore OCaml, ocaml-multicont provides a library for using continuations that can be applied more than once. See also this discussion on discuss.
Repository: https://github.com/TheLortex/networking-experiments
Goal is to port Mirage's TCP/IP stack on top of OCaml 5's effects for more manageable async code.
Cap'n Proto is a capability-based RPC system with bindings for many languages. The Eio port switches capnp-rpc from Lwt to Eio.
gRPC is a high performance, open source, general RPC framework that puts mobile and HTTP/2 first. The Eio port adds native Eio support for OCaml gRPC.
Even less further on than experiments, the ideas section contains projects that would benefit from the features of Multicore OCaml.
Repository: https://github.com/dbuenzli/nbcodec
Many libraries and tools written in the nbcodec style would benefit from continuations given by effect handlers in Multicore OCaml, including libraries like jsonm or xmlm perhaps.
The Multicore OCaml Wiki contains a lot of useful information from design decisions to examples. Two notable repositories are:
- Effects examples: a collection of great examples with effects including cooperative threading and generators.
- Parallel Programming in Multicore OCaml: a very good introduction to programming parallel programs in Multicore OCaml, including using Domainslib.
- Retrofitting Effect Handlers onto OCaml, PLDI, June 2021: Describes the design and evaluation of a full-fledged efficient implementation of effect handlers for OCaml.
- Parallelising your OCaml code with Multicore OCaml, OCaml Workshop, August 2020: A tour on developing parallel programs with Multicore OCaml.
- Retrofitting Parallelism onto OCaml, ICFP, August 2020: Deep dive into Multicore GC design.
- Multicore OCaml memory model, PLDI, June 2018: Describes the memory model for multicore OCaml programs. This memory model is much simpler than existing language memory models such as Java or C/C++11 without sacrificing performance.
- Concurrent System Programming with Effect Handlers, TFP, February 2018: Using effect handler for writing concurrent programs that interacts with the operating system.
- Multicore OCaml, OCaml workshop, September 2014.
- Introduction to Eio, Thomas Leonard, February 2023. (video)
- k-CAS for sweat-free concurrent programming, Vesa Karvonen, February 2023. (video)
- Retrofitting Concurrency – Lessons from the Engine Room, KC Sivaramakrishnana, September 2022. (video)
- Experiences with Effects in OCaml, Thomas Leonard, August 2021. (video)
- Parafuzz: Coverage-guided Property Fuzzing for Multicore OCaml programs, KC Sivaramakrishnan, August 2021. (video)
- Adapting the OCaml Ecosystem for Multicore OCaml, Sudha Parimala, August 2021. (video)
- Effective Programming in OCaml, KC Sivaramakrishnan, April 2021. (video)
- Multicore OCaml -- what's coming in 2021, KC Sivaramakrishnan, December 2020. (video)
- Parallelising your OCaml code with Multicore OCaml, Sadiq Jaffar August 2020. (video)
- Retrofitting parallelism onto OCaml, KC Sivaramakrishnan, August 2020. (video)
- A deep dive into Multicore OCaml GC, KC Sivaramakrishnan, June 2017.
- Reagents: Lock-free programming for the masses, KC Sivaramakrishnan, August 2016. (video).
- Arrows and Reagents, KC Sivaramakrishnan, March 2016.
- Concurrent & Multicore OCaml: A deep dive, KC Sivaramakrishnan, January 2016.
- Effective Concurrency with Algebraic Effects, KC Sivaramakrishnan, OCaml Workshop, September 2015.
- Multicore OCaml, Stephen Dolan, OCaml workshop, September 2014. (video).
Recently, there has been a lot of great discussion on discuss.ocaml.org around OCaml 5, in particular what the ramifications of adding effects to the language will have to the ecosystem:
- The initial release of Eio has a lot of dicussion around what it could mean if the library became the official "OCaml IO" library. It also has some useful conversations about the underlying use of effects in Eio and in particular the set of private effects used.
- An excellent write up about scopes and effect handlers was added in this thread.
- Another thread, "How to block in an agnostic way", is a discussion about blocking code where we are agnostic to the underlying concurrency abstraction (and indeed how to do interop between libraries).
- Another more Eio-specific thread looks at cancellation in the presence of concurrency from effects.
- In How do spawn and join interact with try_with there's a great, short discussion about effects in the presence of multiple domains. A "gotcha" many (myself included) are likely to hit when getting started with OCaml 5.
- There is a great discussion about using effects for a roguelike game in Tutorial: Roguelike with Effect Handlers (the full tutorial is here). Related to that is another excellent article about coding animations with effect handlers.
The OCaml monthlies are available on discuss: https://discuss.ocaml.org/tag/multicore-monthly
Repository: https://github.com/ocaml-bench/sandmark
Sandmark is a suite of OCaml benchmarks and a collection of tools to configure different compiler variants, run and visualise the results.
Sandmark nightly runs the Sandmark benchmarks and visualises results: https://sandmark.tarides.com/?app=Home
Repository: https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/retro-httpaf-bench
A collection of HTTP servers including ones in Go, Rust, multiple OCaml implementations and OCaml with effects.