This repository contains a minimal image of Quartus Prime Lite.
You can remove more items by setting the QUARTUS_DISABLED argument (see Dockerfile).
Quartus is installed to /quartus in the image.
While it would be nice if Quartus allowed us to do everything on the command line, this sometimes isn't possible.
You can pass an X server to quartus using the DISPLAY variable.
On mac OS, using XQuartz will work. In XQuartz, allow remote connections under Preferences>Security "Allow connections from network clients". Then you'll need to tell X to allow connections from the docker container. If you use host networking, then you just need to run:
xhost +localhost
Then start the container, passing through the directory of the project you want to work on as a volume mount:
docker run --net=host -v {project_path}:/project --env DISPLAY=host.docker.internal:0 no2chem/quartuslite:latest /quartus/quartus/bin/quartus