Base

A simple stack-based assembly programming language and VM, made for learning.

Using it

Enter a simple program:

# alphabet.base

.main
  push "A"

.loop
  # Print letter to the screen
  duplicate
  out

  # Check whether we've reached Z yet
  duplicate
  push "Z"
  subtract

  # If we have, we're done
  push done
  betz

  # Advance to the next letter and loop
  push 1
  add
  push loop
  jump

.done
  # Program ends
  discard
  push "\n"
  out
  halt

Run it:

% gem install base-lang

% base alphabet.base
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Language

All instructions take no arguments except the push instruction which takes the value to push to the stack.

Values may be an integer, a single character in double quotes which is interpreted as its unicode number, a label representing a memory location, or the special text ip which refers to the current instruction pointer.

Signed integers of arbitrary size can be used. Memory locations start at 0 and by default go up to 1MB.

operation	op code	stack impact	description
debug	0		enters the debugger
push (value or label)	1, value	+	pushes the value onto the stack
discard	2	-	discards the top entry on the stack
duplicate	3	-++	pushes two copies of the top entry on the stack
write	4	--	writes the second entry on the stack to the memory location at the top entry on the stack
read	5	-+	reads from the memory location on the stack and puts the result on the stack
add	6	--+	adds the top two entries on the stack and puts the result on the stack
subtract	7	--+	subtracts the top entry on the stack from the second entry on the stack and puts the result on the stack
multiply	8	--+	multiplies the top two entries on the stack and puts the result on the stack
divide	9	--+	divides the top entry on the stack from the second entry on the stack and puts the integer result on the stack
jump	10	-	jumps to the location indicated by the top entry on the stack
bltz	11	--	jumps to the location indicated by the top entry on the stack if the second entry on the stack is less than 0
bgtz	12	--	jumps to the location indicated by the top entry on the stack if the second entry on the stack is greater than 0
betz	13	--	jumps to the location indicated by the top entry on the stack if the second entry on the stack is equal to 0
bnetz	14	--	jumps to the location indicated by the top entry on the stack if the second entry on the stack is not equal to 0
out	15	-	outputs the top entry on the stack to stdout, interpreted as a unicode character
halt	16		halts the program

Compiler

Any text including and after a # in the code is treated as a comment and ignored.

Labels and data

You can use labels to mark a place in the code:

# infinite loop
.marker
  push marker
  jump

.main is a special label. If specified, code execution will start at this point.

You can also use labels to introduce data:

.three_bytes 1, 2, 3

The data can also be a string, which is interpreted as a list of bytes, or a mix of the two

.message "Hello!", 10, 0

Macros

Simple macros can be defined as a comma-separated list of operations (or other macros, as long as they don't recurse):

macro increment push 1, add

push "A"
increment
out # outputs a "B"

You'll need to define a macro before you use it in your file.

Debugger

Base has an integrated debugger that allows you to trace through your code, view memory and stack, and disassemble code.

You can start it by calling debug in your program, or by running base with the --debug option in which case it'll start immediately on program startup.

When in the debugger, type h for help.

Licence and contributing

MIT licence.

Feel free to contribute! It's intentionally simple, and as a result it's unlikely we'll add more instructions or syntactic sugar than what's already there.

mogest / base-lang