Kubernetes(EKS) Persistent Storage With EFS Amazon Service

The developer at Mystique Unicorn are interested in building their application using event-driven architectural pattern to process streaming data. For those who are unfamiliar, An event-driven architecture uses events to trigger and communicate between decoupled services and is common in modern applications built with microservices. An event is a change in state, or an update, like an item being placed in a shopping cart on an e-commerce website.

In this application, Kubernetes has been chosen as the platform to host their application producing and consuming events. Some of the consumers have to share their state between them. They would like to have persistent storage accessible to their pods in kubernetes. Can you help them achieve this?

🎯 Solutions

Amazon Elastic File System: Amazon EFS² lets you share file data without provisioning or managing storage and can be used with AWS Cloud services. With Amazon EFS, you can grow and shrink your file systems automatically as you add and remove files, eliminating the need to provision and manage capacity to accommodate growth. The Amazon EFS Container Storage Interface (CSI)³ driver provides a CSI interface that allows Kubernetes clusters running on AWS to manage the lifecycle of Amazon EFS file systems.

Kubernetes Persistent storage Overview

Persistent volume claims(PVCs): Managing storage is a distinct problem from managing compute instances. The PersistentVolume subsystem provides an API for users and administrators that abstracts details of how storage is provided from how it is consumed. Cluster administrators can use Kubernetes persistent volume (PV)¹ to provision persistent storage for a cluster. Developers can use persistent volume claims (PVCs) to request PV resources without having specific knowledge of the underlying storage infrastructure.

PVCs are specific to a namespace, and are created and used by developers as a means to use a PV. After a PV is bound to a PVC, that PV can not then be bound to additional PVCs. This has the effect of scoping a bound PV to a single namespace.

When you create a PVC, you request a specific amount of storage, also specify the required access mode, and create a storage class to describe and classify the storage.
Use Pods and claimed PVs Pods use claims as volumes. The cluster inspects the claim to find the bound volume and mounts that volume for a Pod. For those volumes that support multiple access modes, you must specify which mode applies when you use the claim as a volume in a Pod.

Once you have a claim and that claim is bound, the bound PV belongs to you for as long as you need it. You can schedule Pods and access claimed PVs by including persistentVolumeClaim in the Pod’s volumes block.

In this blog, I will show how to deploy EFS with application specific access points and statically bind them for pod usage.

🧰 Prerequisites

This demo, instructions, scripts and cloudformation template is designed to be run in us-east-1. With few modifications you can try it out in other regions as well(Not covered here).
- 🛠 AWS CLI Installed & Configured - Get help here
- 🛠 AWS CDK Installed & Configured - Get help here
- 🛠 Python Packages, Change the below commands to suit your OS, the following is written for amzn linux 2
  - Python3 - yum install -y python3
  - Python Pip - yum install -y python-pip
  - Virtualenv - pip3 install virtualenv

⚙️ Setting up the environment

Get the application code

git clone https://github.com/miztiik/eks-persistent-storage-with-efs
cd eks-persistent-storage-with-efs

🚀 Prepare the dev environment to run AWS CDK

We will use cdk to make our deployments easier. Lets go ahead and install the necessary components.
```
# You should have npm pre-installed
# If you DONT have cdk installed
npm install -g aws-cdk

# Make sure you in root directory
python3 -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate
pip3 install -r requirements.txt
```
The very first time you deploy an AWS CDK app into an environment (account/region), you’ll need to install a bootstrap stack, Otherwise just go ahead and deploy using cdk deploy.
```
cdk bootstrap
cdk ls
# Follow on screen prompts
```
You should see an output of the available stacks,
```
eks-cluster-vpc-stack
eks-cluster-stack
ssm-agent-installer-daemonset-stack
efs-stack
```
🚀 Deploying the application

Let us walk through each of the stacks,
- Stack: eks-cluster-vpc-stack To host our EKS cluster we need a custom VPC. This stack will build a multi-az VPC with the following attributes,
  - VPC:
    - 2-AZ Subnets with Public, Private and Isolated Subnets.
    - 1 NAT GW for internet access from private subnets
  Initiate the deployment with the following command,
```
cdk deploy eks-cluster-vpc-stack
```
  After successfully deploying the stack, Check the Outputs section of the stack for the
- Stack: eks-cluster-stack As we are starting out a new cluster, we will use most default. No logging is configured or any add-ons. The cluster will have the following attributes,
  - The control pane is launched with public access. i.e the cluster can be access without a bastion host
  - c_admin IAM role added to aws-auth configMap to administer the cluster from CLI.
  - One OnDemand managed EC2 node group created from a launch template
    - It create two m5.large instances running Amazon Linux 2.
    - Auto-scaling Group with 2 desired instances.
    - The nodes will have a node role attached to them with AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore permissions
    - Kubernetes label app:miztiik_on_demand_ng
  The EKS cluster will be created in the custom VPC created earlier. Initiate the deployment with the following command,
```
cdk deploy eks-cluster-stack
```
  After successfully deploying the stack, Check the Outputs section of the stack. You will find the **ConfigCommand** that allows yous to interact with your cluster using kubectl
- Stack: ssm-agent-installer-daemonset-stack This EKS AMI used in this stack does not include the AWS SSM Agent out of the box. If we ever want to patch or run something remotely on our EKS nodes, this agent is really helpful to automate those tasks. We will deploy a daemonset that will run exactly once? on each node using a cron entry injection that deletes itself after successful execution. If you are interested take a look at the daemonset manifest here stacks/back_end/eks_cluster_stacks/eks_ssm_daemonset_stack/eks_ssm_daemonset_stack.py. This is inspired by this AWS guidance.
  
  Initiate the deployment with the following command,
```
cdk deploy ssm-agent-installer-daemonset-stack
```
  After successfully deploying the stack, You can connect to the worker nodes instance using SSM Session Manager.
- Stack: efs-stack
  
  This stack will create the Amazon EFS. There are few resources that are prerequisites to create the EFS share. This stack will create the following resources,
  - EFS filesystem on the vpc created by the eks-cluster-vpc-stack
  - EFS mount points on the public subnets,as our pods will be running there
  - Security group for our EFS share allowing inbound TCP on ort 2049 from our VPC CIDR range
  - Posix user & acl 1000 - In case you want to use OS level access restrictions, these will come in handy
  - EFS Access Point to make it easier to mount to Lambda and apply resource level access restrictions
    - The default path for the access point is set to /efs
  Initiate the deployment with the following command,
```
cdk deploy efs-stack
```
  After successfully deploying the stack, Check the Outputs section of the stack. You will find the EFSFileSystemId and the EFSAccessPointId. We will use these values during the testing phase.

🔬 Testing the solution

Now we have completed all the prerequisites to deploy pods to use our EFS. We need to use three Kubernetes settings to mount EFS on EKS. Those are StorageClass, PersistentVolume (PV), and PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC). To configure the StorageClass we need to install the EFS CSI drivers.

The manifests used in the following sections are under this directory stacks/k8s_utils/manifests

Install EFS CSI Driver

You can use install the Amazon EFS CSI driver using Helm or a manifest, Here we are using the manifest. You may want to check the version of release to match the latest version. As of writing this blog, 1.3 is the latest.

kubectl kustomize "github.com/kubernetes-sigs/aws-efs-csi-driver/deploy/kubernetes/overlays/stable/ecr?ref=release-1.3" > efs-csi-driver.yaml
kubectl apply -f efs-csi-driver.yaml

You may get a warning about beta api, you can ignore that for now.

Confirm the pods have been deployed:

kubectl get pods -n kube-system

Expected output,

NAME                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
...
efs-csi-controller-979887ccb-d56c4   3/3     Running   0          7m4s
efs-csi-controller-979887ccb-drgzp   3/3     Running   0          7m4s
efs-csi-node-6xm8r                   3/3     Running   0          7m4s
efs-csi-node-z8mwf                   3/3     Running   0          7m4s
...

Create Storage Class

We need to define the storage classes in our Kubernetes cluster,

kubectl apply -f efs-storageclass.yml

Confirm the storage class:

kubectl get storageclass

Expected output,

NAME            PROVISIONER             RECLAIMPOLICY   VOLUMEBINDINGMODE      ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION   AGE
efs-sc          efs.csi.aws.com         Delete          Immediate              false                  22m
gp2 (default)   kubernetes.io/aws-ebs   Delete          WaitForFirstConsumer   false                  4h2m

You can also describe the efs storage class to learn more about it,

kubectl describe storageclass efs-sc

Output,

Name:            efs-sc
IsDefaultClass:  No
Annotations:     kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration={"apiVersion":"storage.k8s.io/v1","kind":"StorageClass","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"efs-sc"},"provisioner":"efs.csi.aws.com"}

Provisioner:           efs.csi.aws.com
Parameters:            <none>
AllowVolumeExpansion:  <unset>
MountOptions:          <none>
ReclaimPolicy:         Delete
VolumeBindingMode:     Immediate
Events:                <none>

Create Namespace

As network policies are namespaced resources, let us begin by creating a new namespace.
```
kubectl apply -f miztiik-automation-ns.yml
```

Create Persistent Volume

Let us create two persistent volume. The manifest is provided in the directory stacks/k8s_utils/manifests. You will need to customize the values for the volumeHandle. The value takes the format EFS_FS_ID::FS_ACCESS_POINT_ID. These can be found in the outputs section of the stack efs-stack.

apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: efs-pv
spec:
capacity:
   storage: 5Gi
volumeMode: Filesystem
accessModes:
   - ReadWriteMany
persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
storageClassName: efs-sc
csi:
   driver: efs.csi.aws.com
   volumeHandle: fs-29f1461d::fsap-061e2291a97026a9b

Deploy the policy red-ingress-aws-security-policy.yml

manifests]# kubectl apply -f efs-persistentvolume.yml
persistentvolume/efs-pv created

Create Persistent Volume Claim

Let us create two persistent volume claim. The manifest is provided in the directory stacks/k8s_utils/manifests. Note that the claim is bounded to the namespace we create earlier.

apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: efs-storage-claim
namespace: miztiik-automation-ns
spec:
accessModes:
   - ReadWriteMany
storageClassName: efs-sc
resources:
   requests:
      storage: 5Gi

Deploy the persistent volume claim,

manifests]# kubectl apply -f efs-persistentvolume-claim.yml
persistentvolumeclaim/efs-storage-claim created

Confirm that a persistent volume was created with a status of Bound to a PersistentVolumeClaim:

kubectl get pv

Expected output,

NAME     CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS   CLAIM                                     STORAGECLASS   REASON   AGE
efs-pv   5Gi        RWX            Retain           Bound    miztiik-automation-ns/efs-storage-claim   efs-sc                  8m12s

Don't proceed to the next step until the STATUS is Bound.

Let us find out more details about our volume,

manifests]# kubectl describe pv
Name:            efs-pv
Labels:          <none>
Annotations:     pv.kubernetes.io/bound-by-controller: yes
Finalizers:      [kubernetes.io/pv-protection]
StorageClass:    efs-sc
Status:          Bound
Claim:           miztiik-automation-ns/efs-storage-claim
Reclaim Policy:  Retain
Access Modes:    RWX
VolumeMode:      Filesystem
Capacity:        5Gi
Node Affinity:   <none>
Message:
Source:
   Type:              CSI (a Container Storage Interface (CSI) volume source)
   Driver:            efs.csi.aws.com
   FSType:
   VolumeHandle:      fs-29f1461d::fsap-061e2291a97026a9b
   ReadOnly:          false
   VolumeAttributes:  <none>
Events:               <none>

Deploy Pods

We will create two pods,

pod name: k-shop-writer with label role:writer
pod name: k-shop-reader with label role:reader

kubectl create -f pod_writer.yml
kubectl create -f pod_reader.yml

Confirm pods are running and wait for the k-shop-writer and k-shop-reader pods STATUS to become Running. It may take a few minutes for the pods to reach the Running status.

kubectl get pods -o wide -n miztiik-automation-ns

Expected output,

NAME          READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE                                        NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
k-shop-blue   1/1     Running   0          62s   10.10.1.74    ip-10-10-1-102.eu-west-1.compute.internal   <none>           <none>
k-shop-red    1/1     Running   0          66s   10.10.0.118   ip-10-10-0-160.eu-west-1.compute.internal   <none>           <none>

Connect to Reader Pod To Test EFS

Connect to the Reader pod and try to access EFS,

kubectl -n miztiik-automation-ns exec --stdin --tty k-shop-reader -- sh

You should land in the container shell, you can use navigate to /shared/ and look for out.txt or use tail command.

Expected output,

tail -f /shared/out.txt
miztiik engineering from: k-shop-writer.miztiik-automation-ns - Sun Jul 4 15:13:55 UTC 2021
miztiik engineering from: k-shop-writer.miztiik-automation-ns - Sun Jul 4 15:14:00 UTC 2021
miztiik engineering from: k-shop-writer.miztiik-automation-ns - Sun Jul 4 15:14:05 UTC 2021
miztiik engineering from: k-shop-writer.miztiik-automation-ns - Sun Jul 4 15:14:10 UTC 2021
miztiik engineering from: k-shop-writer.miztiik-automation-ns - Sun Jul 4 15:14:15 UTC 2021
miztiik engineering from: k-shop-writer.miztiik-automation-ns - Sun Jul 4 15:14:20 UTC 2021
miztiik engineering from: k-shop-writer.miztiik-automation-ns - Sun Jul 4 15:14:25 UTC 2021
miztiik engineering from: k-shop-writer.miztiik-automation-ns - Sun Jul 4 15:14:30 UTC 2021
miztiik engineering from: k-shop-writer.miztiik-automation-ns - Sun Jul 4 15:14:35 UTC 2021
miztiik engineering from: k-shop-writer.miztiik-automation-ns - Sun Jul 4 15:14:40 UTC 2021
miztiik engineering from: k-shop-writer.miztiik-automation-ns - Sun Jul 4 15:14:45 UTC 2021

📒 Conclusion

Here we have demonstrated how to use EFS to share data between pods. You can extend this feature by restricting the pods access using a dedicated service account.
🧹 CleanUp

If you want to destroy all the resources created by the stack, Execute the below command to delete the stack, or you can delete the stack from console as well
- Resources created during Deploying The Application
- Delete CloudWatch Lambda LogGroups
- Any other custom resources, you have created for this demo
```
# Delete from cdk
cdk destroy

# Follow any on-screen prompts

# Delete the CF Stack, If you used cloudformation to deploy the stack.
aws cloudformation delete-stack \
  --stack-name "MiztiikAutomationStack" \
  --region "${AWS_REGION}"
```
This is not an exhaustive list, please carry out other necessary steps as maybe applicable to your needs.

📌 Who is using this

This repository aims to show how to use EFS along with EKS for persistent storage to secure AWS EKS to new developers, Solution Architects & Ops Engineers in AWS. Based on that knowledge these Udemy course #1, course #2 helps you build complete architecture in AWS.

💡 Help/Suggestions or 🐛 Bugs

Thank you for your interest in contributing to our project. Whether it is a bug report, new feature, correction, or additional documentation or solutions, we greatly value feedback and contributions from our community. Start here

miztiik / eks-persistent-storage-with-efs

Kubernetes(EKS) Persistent Storage With EFS Amazon Service

🎯 Solutions

🧰 Prerequisites

⚙️ Setting up the environment

🚀 Prepare the dev environment to run AWS CDK

🚀 Deploying the application

🔬 Testing the solution

📒 Conclusion

🧹 CleanUp

📌 Who is using this

💡 Help/Suggestions or 🐛 Bugs

👋 Buy me a coffee

📚 References

🏷️ Metadata

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