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Solr-powered search for Ruby objects

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Sunspot

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Sunspot is a Ruby library for expressive, powerful interaction with the Solr search engine. Sunspot is built on top of the RSolr library, which provides a low-level interface for Solr interaction; Sunspot provides a simple, intuitive, expressive DSL backed by powerful features for indexing objects and searching for them.

Sunspot is designed to be easily plugged in to any ORM, or even non-database-backed objects such as the filesystem.

This README provides a high level overview; class-by-class and method-by-method documentation is available in the API reference.

For questions about how to use Sunspot in your app, please use the Sunspot Mailing List or search Stack Overflow.

Quickstart with Rails

Add to Gemfile:

gem 'sunspot_rails'
gem 'sunspot_solr' # optional pre-packaged Solr distribution for use in development. Not for use in production.

Bundle it!

bundle install

Generate a default configuration file:

rails generate sunspot_rails:install

If sunspot_solr was installed, start the packaged Solr distribution with:

bundle exec rake sunspot:solr:start # or sunspot:solr:run to start in foreground

This will generate a /solr folder with default configuration files and indexes.

If you're using source control, it's recommended that the files generated for indexing and running (PIDs) are not checked in. You can do this by adding the following lines to .gitignore:

solr/data
solr/test/data
solr/development/data
solr/default/data
solr/pids

Setting Up Objects

Add a searchable block to the objects you wish to index.

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  searchable do
    text :title, :body
    text :comments do
      comments.map { |comment| comment.body }
    end

    boolean :featured
    integer :blog_id
    integer :author_id
    integer :category_ids, :multiple => true
    double  :average_rating
    time    :published_at
    time    :expired_at

    string  :sort_title do
      title.downcase.gsub(/^(an?|the)/, '')
    end
  end
end

text fields will be full-text searchable. Other fields (e.g., integer and string) can be used to scope queries.

Searching Objects

Post.search do
  fulltext 'best pizza'

  with :blog_id, 1
  with(:published_at).less_than Time.now
  field_list :blog_id, :title
  order_by :published_at, :desc
  paginate :page => 2, :per_page => 15
  facet :category_ids, :author_id
end

Search In Depth

Given an object Post setup in earlier steps ...

Full Text

# All posts with a `text` field (:title, :body, or :comments) containing 'pizza'
Post.search { fulltext 'pizza' }

# Posts with pizza, scored higher if pizza appears in the title
Post.search do
  fulltext 'pizza' do
    boost_fields :title => 2.0
  end
end

# Posts with pizza, scored higher if featured
Post.search do
  fulltext 'pizza' do
    boost(2.0) { with(:featured, true) }
  end
end

# Posts with pizza *only* in the title
Post.search do
  fulltext 'pizza' do
    fields(:title)
  end
end

# Posts with pizza in the title (boosted) or in the body (not boosted)
Post.search do
  fulltext 'pizza' do
    fields(:body, :title => 2.0)
  end
end

Phrases

Solr allows searching for phrases: search terms that are close together.

In the default query parser used by Sunspot (edismax), phrase searches are represented as a double quoted group of words.

# Posts with the exact phrase "great pizza"
Post.search do
  fulltext '"great pizza"'
end

If specified, query_phrase_slop sets the number of words that may appear between the words in a phrase.

# One word can appear between the words in the phrase, so "great big pizza"
# also matches, in addition to "great pizza"
Post.search do
  fulltext '"great pizza"' do
    query_phrase_slop 1
  end
end
Phrase Boosts

Phrase boosts add boost to terms that appear in close proximity; the terms do not have to appear in a phrase, but if they do, the document will score more highly.

# Matches documents with great and pizza, and scores documents more
# highly if the terms appear in a phrase in the title field
Post.search do
  fulltext 'great pizza' do
    phrase_fields :title => 2.0
  end
end

# Matches documents with great and pizza, and scores documents more
# highly if the terms appear in a phrase (or with one word between them)
# in the title field
Post.search do
  fulltext 'great pizza' do
    phrase_fields :title => 2.0
    phrase_slop   1
  end
end

Scoping (Scalar Fields)

Fields not defined as text (e.g., integer, boolean, time, etc...) can be used to scope (restrict) queries before full-text matching is performed.

Positive Restrictions

# Posts with a blog_id of 1
Post.search do
  with(:blog_id, 1)
end

# Posts with an average rating between 3.0 and 5.0
Post.search do
  with(:average_rating, 3.0..5.0)
end

# Posts with a category of 1, 3, or 5
Post.search do
  with(:category_ids, [1, 3, 5])
end

# Posts published since a week ago
Post.search do
  with(:published_at).greater_than(1.week.ago)
end

Negative Restrictions

# Posts not in category 1 or 3
Post.search do
  without(:category_ids, [1, 3])
end

# All examples in "positive" also work negated using `without`

Empty Restrictions

# Passing an empty array is equivalent to a no-op, allowing you to replace this...
Post.search do
  with(:category_ids, id_list) if id_list.present?
end

# ...with this
Post.search do
  with(:category_ids, id_list)
end

Restrictions and Field List

# Posts with a blog_id of 1
Post.search do
  with(:blog_id, 1)
  field_list [:title]
end

Post.search do
  without(:category_ids, [1, 3])
  field_list [:title, :author_id]
end

Disjunctions and Conjunctions

# Posts that do not have an expired time or have not yet expired
Post.search do
  any_of do
    with(:expired_at).greater_than(Time.now)
    with(:expired_at, nil)
  end
end
# Posts with blog_id 1 and author_id 2
Post.search do
  all_of do
    with(:blog_id, 1)
    with(:author_id, 2)
  end
end
# Posts scoring with any of the two fields.
Post.search do
  any do
    fulltext "keyword1", :fields => :title
    fulltext "keyword2", :fields => :body
  end
end

Disjunctions and conjunctions may be nested

Post.search do
  any_of do
    with(:blog_id, 1)
    all_of do
      with(:blog_id, 2)
      with(:category_ids, 3)
    end
  end

  any do
    all do
      fulltext "keyword", :fields => :title
      fulltext "keyword", :fields => :body
    end
    all do
      fulltext "keyword", :fields => :first_name
      fulltext "keyword", :fields => :last_name
    end
    fulltext "keyword", :fields => :description
  end
end

Combined with Full-Text

Scopes/restrictions can be combined with full-text searching. The scope/restriction pares down the objects that are searched for the full-text term.

# Posts with blog_id 1 and 'pizza' in the title
Post.search do
  with(:blog_id, 1)
  fulltext("pizza")
end

Pagination

All results from Solr are paginated

The results array that is returned has methods mixed in that allow it to operate seamlessly with common pagination libraries like will_paginate and kaminari.

By default, Sunspot requests the first 30 results from Solr.

search = Post.search do
  fulltext "pizza"
end

# Imagine there are 60 *total* results (at 30 results/page, that is two pages)
results = search.results # => Array with 30 Post elements

search.total           # => 60

results.total_pages    # => 2
results.first_page?    # => true
results.last_page?     # => false
results.previous_page  # => nil
results.next_page      # => 2
results.out_of_bounds? # => false
results.offset         # => 0

To retrieve the next page of results, recreate the search and use the paginate method.

search = Post.search do
  fulltext "pizza"
  paginate :page => 2
end

# Again, imagine there are 60 total results; this is the second page
results = search.results # => Array with 30 Post elements

search.total           # => 60

results.total_pages    # => 2
results.first_page?    # => false
results.last_page?     # => true
results.previous_page  # => 1
results.next_page      # => nil
results.out_of_bounds? # => false
results.offset         # => 30

A custom number of results per page can be specified with the :per_page option to paginate:

search = Post.search do
  fulltext "pizza"
  paginate :page => 1, :per_page => 50
end

Cursor-based pagination

Solr 4.7 and above

With default Solr pagination it may turn that same records appear on different pages (e.g. if many records have the same search score). Cursor-based pagination allows to avoid this.

Useful for any kinds of export, infinite scroll, etc.

Cursor for the first page is "*".

search = Post.search do
  fulltext "pizza"
  paginate :cursor => "*"
end

results = search.results

# Results will contain cursor for the next page
results.next_page_cursor # => "AoIIP4AAACxQcm9maWxlIDEwMTk="

# Imagine there are 60 *total* results (at 30 results/page, that is two pages)
results.current_cursor # => "*"
results.total_pages    # => 2
results.first_page?    # => true
results.last_page?     # => false

To retrieve the next page of results, recreate the search and use the paginate method with cursor from previous results.

search = Post.search do
  fulltext "pizza"
  paginate :cursor => "AoIIP4AAACxQcm9maWxlIDEwMTk="
end

results = search.results

# Again, imagine there are 60 total results; this is the second page
results.next_page_cursor # => "AoEsUHJvZmlsZSAxNzY5"
results.current_cursor   # => "AoIIP4AAACxQcm9maWxlIDEwMTk="
results.total_pages      # => 2
results.first_page?      # => false
# Last page will be detected only when current page contains less then per_page elements or contains nothing
results.last_page?       # => false

:per_page option is also supported.

Faceting

Faceting is a feature of Solr that determines the number of documents that match a given search and an additional criterion. This allows you to build powerful drill-down interfaces for search.

Each facet returns zero or more rows, each of which represents a particular criterion conjoined with the actual query being performed. For field facets, each row represents a particular value for a given field. For query facets, each row represents an arbitrary scope; the facet itself is just a means of logically grouping the scopes.

By default Sunspot will only return the first 100 facet values. You can increase this limit, or force it to return all facets by setting limit to -1.

Field Facets

# Posts that match 'pizza' returning counts for each :author_id
search = Post.search do
  fulltext "pizza"
  facet :author_id
end

search.facet(:author_id).rows.each do |facet|
  puts "Author #{facet.value} has #{facet.count} pizza posts!"
end

If you are searching by a specific field and you still want to see all the options available in that field you can exclude it in the faceting.

# Posts that match 'pizza' and author with id 42
# Returning counts for each :author_id (even those not in the search result)
search = Post.search do
  fulltext "pizza"
  author_filter = with(:author_id, 42)
  facet :author_id, exclude: [author_filter]
end

search.facet(:author_id).rows.each do |facet|
  puts "Author #{facet.value} has #{facet.count} pizza posts!"
end

Query Facets

# Posts faceted by ranges of average ratings
search = Post.search do
  facet(:average_rating) do
    row(1.0..2.0) do
      with(:average_rating, 1.0..2.0)
    end
    row(2.0..3.0) do
      with(:average_rating, 2.0..3.0)
    end
    row(3.0..4.0) do
      with(:average_rating, 3.0..4.0)
    end
    row(4.0..5.0) do
      with(:average_rating, 4.0..5.0)
    end
  end
end

# e.g.,
# Number of posts with rating within 1.0..2.0: 2
# Number of posts with rating within 2.0..3.0: 1
search.facet(:average_rating).rows.each do |facet|
  puts "Number of posts with rating within #{facet.value}: #{facet.count}"
end

Range Facets

# Posts faceted by range of average ratings
Sunspot.search(Post) do
  facet :average_rating, :range => 1..5, :range_interval => 1
end

Json Facets

The json facet can be used with the following syntax:

Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:title)
end

There are some options you can pass to the json facet:

:limit
:minimum_count
:sort
:prefix
:missing
:all_buckets
:method

Some examples

# limit the results to 10
Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:title, limit: 10)
end

# returns only the results with a minimum count of 10
Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:title, minimum_count: 10)
end

# sort by count
Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:title, sort: :count)
end

# filter titles by prefix 't'
Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:title, prefix: 't')
end

# compute the total number of records in all buckets
# accessible via search.other_count('allBuckets')
search = Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:title, all_buckets: true)
end

# compute the total number of records that do not have a title value
# accessible via search.other_count('missing')
search = Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:title, missing: true)
end

# force usage of the dv faceting algorithm
search = Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:title, method: 'dv')
end

Json Range Facets

Range facets are supported on numeric, date, or time fields. The range parameter is required. gap may be optionally specified to control the size of each bucket (defaults to 86400):

# minimum of 1 and maximum of 10 in steps of 3
# by default the lower bound is inclusive and the upper bound is exclusive
# [1-4], [4-7], [7-9], [9-10]
search = Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:blog_id, range: [1, 10], gap: 3)
end

The other parameter may also be specified to compute additional counts besides the ones in each bucket:

# compute total count of records with blog_id less than 1
search = Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:blog_id, range: [1, 10], gap: 3, other: 'before')
end
search.other_count('before') # 3

# compute total count of records with blog_id 10 or greater
search = Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:blog_id, range: [1, 10], gap: 3, other: 'after')
end
search.other_count('after') # 2

# compute total count of records between the specified range
search = Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:blog_id, range: [1, 10], gap: 3, other: 'between')
end
search.other_count('between') # 4

# compute before/between/after counts
search = Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:blog_id, range: [1, 10], gap: 3, other: 'all')
end
search.other_count('before') # 3
search.other_count('after') # 2
search.other_count('between') # 4

For date or time fields, you may also specify gap_unit, which controls how gap is interpreted. A list of supported units can be found here. Defaults to SECONDS:

# minimum of 2 years ago, maximum of 1 year ago
# group into buckets of 3 months each
search = Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:published_at, range: [2.years.ago, 1.year.ago], gap: 3, gap_unit: 'MONTHS')
end

Json Facet Distinct

The json facet count distinct can be used with the following syntax:

# Get posts with distinct title
# available stategies: :unique, :hll
Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:blog_id, distinct: { group_by: :title, strategy: :unique })
end

Json Facet nested

The nested facets can be used with the following syntax:

Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:title, nested: { field: :author_name } )
end

You can nest the nested facet also recursively:

Sunspot.search(Post) do
  json_facet(:title, nested: { field: :author_name, nested: { field: :title } )
end

Nested facets have the same options of json facets

Ordering

By default, Sunspot orders results by "score": the Solr-determined relevancy metric. Sorting can be customized with the order_by method:

# Order by average rating, descending
Post.search do
  fulltext("pizza")
  order_by(:average_rating, :desc)
end

# Order by relevancy score and in the case of a tie, average rating
Post.search do
  fulltext("pizza")

  order_by(:score, :desc)
  order_by(:average_rating, :desc)
end

# Randomized ordering
Post.search do
  fulltext("pizza")
  order_by(:random)
end

Solr 3.1 and above

Solr supports sorting on multiple fields using custom functions. Supported operators and more details are available on the Solr Wiki

To sort results by a custom function use the order_by_function method. Functions are defined with prefix notation:

# Order by sum of two example fields: rating1 + rating2
Post.search do
  fulltext("pizza")
  order_by_function(:sum, :rating1, :rating2, :desc)
end

# Order by nested functions: rating1 + (rating2*rating3)
Post.search do
  fulltext("pizza")
  order_by_function(:sum, :rating1, [:product, :rating2, :rating3], :desc)
end

# Order by fields and constants: rating1 + (rating2 * 5)
Post.search do
  fulltext("pizza")
  order_by_function(:sum, :rating1, [:product, :rating2, '5'], :desc)
end

# Order by average of three fields: (rating1 + rating2 + rating3) / 3
Post.search do
  fulltext("pizza")
  order_by_function(:div, [:sum, :rating1, :rating2, :rating3], '3', :desc)
end

Grouping

Solr 3.3 and above

Solr supports grouping documents, similar to an SQL GROUP BY. More information about result grouping/field collapsing is available on the Solr Wiki.

Grouping is only supported on string fields that are not multivalued. To group on a field of a different type (e.g., integer), add a denormalized string type

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  searchable do
    # Denormalized `string` field because grouping can only be performed
    # on string fields
    string(:blog_id_str) { |p| p.blog_id.to_s }
  end
end

# Returns only the top scoring document per blog_id
search = Post.search do
  group :blog_id_str
end

search.group(:blog_id_str).matches # Total number of matches to the query

search.group(:blog_id_str).groups.each do |group|
  puts group.value # blog_id of the each document in the group

  # By default, there is only one document per group (the highest
  # scoring one); if `limit` is specified (see below), multiple
  # documents can be returned per group
  group.results.each do |result|
    # ...
  end
end

Additional options are supported by the DSL:

# Returns the top 3 scoring documents per blog_id
Post.search do
  group :blog_id_str do
    limit 3
    ngroups false # If you don't need the total groups counter
  end
end

# Returns document ordered within each group by published_at (by
# default, the ordering is score)
Post.search do
  group :blog_id_str do
    order_by(:average_rating, :desc)
  end
end

# Facet count is based on the most relevant document of each group
# matching the query (>= Solr 3.4)
Post.search do
  group :blog_id_str do
    truncate
  end

  facet :blog_id_str, :extra => :any
end

Grouping by Queries

It is also possible to group by arbitrary queries instead of on a specific field, much like using query facets instead of field facets. For example, we can group by average rating.

# Returns the top post for each range of average ratings
search = Post.search do
  group do
    query("1.0 to 2.0") do
      with(:average_rating, 1.0..2.0)
    end
    query("2.0 to 3.0") do
      with(:average_rating, 2.0..3.0)
    end
    query("3.0 to 4.0") do
      with(:average_rating, 3.0..4.0)
    end
    query("4.0 to 5.0") do
      with(:average_rating, 4.0..5.0)
    end
  end
end

search.group(:queries).matches # Total number of matches to the queries

search.group(:queries).groups.each do |group|
  puts group.value # The argument to query - "1.0 to 2.0", for example

  group.results.each do |result|
    # ...
  end
end

This can also be used to query multivalued fields, allowing a single item to be in multiple groups.

# This finds the top 10 posts for each category in category_ids.
search = Post.search do
  group do
    limit 10

    category_ids.each do |category_id|
      query category_id do
        with(:category_id, category_id)
      end
    end
  end
end

Geospatial

Sunspot 2.0 only

Sunspot 2.0 supports geospatial features of Solr 3.1 and above.

Geospatial features require a field defined with latlon:

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  searchable do
    # ...
    latlon(:location) { Sunspot::Util::Coordinates.new(lat, lon) }
  end
end

Filter By Radius

# Searches posts within 100 kilometers of (32, -68)
Post.search do
  with(:location).in_radius(32, -68, 100)
end

Filter By Radius (inexact with bbox)

# Searches posts within 100 kilometers of (32, -68) with `bbox`. This is
# an approximation so searches run quicker, but it may include other
# points that are slightly outside of the required distance
Post.search do
  with(:location).in_radius(32, -68, 100, :bbox => true)
end

Filter By Bounding Box

# Searches posts within the bounding box defined by the corners (45,
# -94) to (46, -93)
Post.search do
  with(:location).in_bounding_box([45, -94], [46, -93])
end

Sort By Distance

# Orders documents by closeness to (32, -68)
Post.search do
  order_by_geodist(:location, 32, -68)
end

Joins

Solr 4 and above

Solr joins allow you to filter objects by joining on additional documents. More information can be found on the Solr Wiki.

class Photo < ActiveRecord::Base
  searchable do
    text :description
    string :caption, :default_boost => 1.5
    time :created_at
    integer :photo_container_id
  end
end

class PhotoContainer < ActiveRecord::Base
  searchable do
    text :name
    join(:description, :target => Photo, :type => :text, :join => { :from => :photo_container_id, :to => :id })
    join(:caption, :target => Photo, :type => :string, :join => { :from => :photo_container_id, :to => :id })
    join(:photos_created, :target => Photo, :type => :time, :join => { :from => :photo_container_id, :to => :id }, :as => 'created_at_d')
  end
end

PhotoContainer.search do
  with(:caption, 'blah')
  with(:photos_created).between(Date.new(2011,3,1)..Date.new(2011,4,1))

  fulltext("keywords", :fields => [:name, :description])
end

# ...or

PhotoContainer.search do
  with(:caption, 'blah')
  with(:photos_created).between(Date.new(2011,3,1)..Date.new(2011,4,1))

  any do
    fulltext("keyword1", :fields => :name)
    fulltext("keyword2", :fields => :description) # will be joined from the Photo model
  end
end

If your models have fields with the same name

class Tweet < ActiveRecord::Base
  searchable do
    text :keywords
    integer :profile_id
  end
end

class Rss < ActiveRecord::Base
  searchable do
    text :keywords
    integer :profile_id
  end
end

class Profile < ActiveRecord::Base
  searchable do
    text :name
    join(:keywords, :prefix => "tweet", :target => Tweet, :type => :text, :join => { :from => :profile_id, :to => :id })
    join(:keywords, :prefix => "rss", :target => Rss, :type => :text, :join => { :from => :profile_id, :to => :id })
  end
end

Profile.search do
  any do
    fulltext("keyword1 keyword2", :fields => [:tweet_keywords]) do
      minimum_match 1
    end

    fulltext("keyword3", :fields => [:rss_keywords])
  end
end

# ...produces:
# sort: "score desc", fl: "* score", start: 0, rows: 20,
# fq: ["type:Profile"],
# q: (_query_:"{!join from=profile_ids_i to=id_i v=$qTweet91755700}" OR _query_:"{!join from=profile_ids_i to=id_i v=$qRss91753840}"),
# qTweet91755700: _query_:"{!field f=type}Tweet"+_query_:"{!edismax qf='keywords_text' mm='1'}keyword1 keyword2",
# qRss91753840: _query_:"{!field f=type}Rss"+_query_:"{!edismax qf='keywords_text'}keyword3"

Composite ID

SolrCloud only

If you use the compositeId router (the default), you can send documents with a prefix in the document ID which will be used to calculate the hash Solr uses to determine the shard a document is sent to for indexing. The prefix can be anything you’d like it to be (it doesn’t have to be the shard name, for example), but it must be consistent so Solr behaves consistently.

For example, if you want to co-locate documents for a customer, you could use the customer name or ID as the prefix. If your customer is IBM, for example, with a document with the ID 12345, you would insert the prefix into the document id field: IBM!12345. The exclamation mark (!) is critical here, as it distinguishes the prefix used to determine which shard to direct the document to.

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  searchable do
    id_prefix "IBM!"
    # ...
  end
end

The compositeId router supports prefixes containing up to 2 levels of routing. For example: a prefix routing first by region, then by customer: USA!IBM!12345

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  searchable do
    id_prefix "USA!IBM!"
    # ...
  end
end

Usage with Joins

This feature is also useful with joins, which require joined collections to be single-sharded. For example, if you have Blog and Post models and want to join fields from Posts when searching Blogs, you need these two collections to stay on the same shard. In this case the configuration would be:

class Blog < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :posts

  searchable do
    id_prefix "BLOGDATA!"
    # ...
  end
end

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :blog

  searchable do
    id_prefix "BLOGDATA!"
    # ...
  end
end

As a result, all Blogs and Posts will be stored on a single shard. But since other Blogs will generate other prefixes Solr will distribute them evenly across the available shards.

If you have large collections that you want to use joins with and still want to utilize sharding instead of storing everything on a single shard, it's also possible to only ensure a single Blog and its associated Posts stored on a signle shard, while the whole collections could still be distributed across multiple shards. The thing is that Solr can do distributed joins across multiple shards, but the records that have to be joined should be stored on a single shard. To achieve this your configuration would look like this:

class Blog < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :posts

  searchable do
    id_prefix do
      "BLOGDATA#{self.id}!"
    end
    # ...
  end
end

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :blog

  searchable do
    id_prefix do
      "BLOGDATA#{self.blog_id}!"
    end
    # ...
  end
end

This way a single Blog and its Ports have the same ID prefix and will go to a single Shard.

NOTE: Solr developers also recommend adjusting replication factor so every shard node contains replicas of all shards in the cluster. If you have 4 shards on separate nodes each of these nodes should have 4 replicas (one replica of each shard).

More information and usage examples could be found here: https://lucene.apache.org/solr/guide/6_6/shards-and-indexing-data-in-solrcloud.html

Highlighting

Highlighting allows you to display snippets of the part of the document that matched the query.

The fields you wish to highlight must be stored.

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  searchable do
    # ...
    text :body, :stored => true
  end
end

Highlighting matches on the body field, for instance, can be achieved like:

search = Post.search do
  fulltext "pizza" do
    highlight :body
  end
end

# Will output something similar to:
# Post #1
#   I really love *pizza*
#   *Pizza* is my favorite thing
# Post #2
#   Pepperoni *pizza* is delicious
search.hits.each do |hit|
  puts "Post ##{hit.primary_key}"

  hit.highlights(:body).each do |highlight|
    puts "  " + highlight.format { |word| "*#{word}*" }
  end
end

Stats

Solr can return some statistics on indexed numeric fields. Fetching statistics for average_rating:

search = Post.search do
  stats :average_rating
end

puts "Minimum average rating: #{search.stats(:average_rating).min}"
puts "Maximum average rating: #{search.stats(:average_rating).max}"

Stats on multiple fields

search = Post.search do
  stats :average_rating, :blog_id
end

Faceting on stats

It's possible to facet field stats on another field:

search = Post.search do
  stats :average_rating do
    facet :featured
  end
end

search.stats(:average_rating).facet(:featured).rows.each do |row|
  puts "Minimum average rating for featured=#{row.value}: #{row.min}"
end

Take care when requesting facets on a stats field, since all facet results are returned by Solr!

Json facets stats

search = Post.search do
  stats :average_rating do
    json_facet :featured
  end
end

search.json_facet_stats(:featured).rows.each do |row|
  puts "Minimum average rating for featured=#{row.value}: #{row.min}"
end

Multiple stats and selective faceting

search = Post.search do
  stats :average_rating do
    facet :featured
  end
  stats :blog_id do
    facet :average_rating
  end
end

Functions

Functions in Solr make it possible to dynamically compute values for each document. This gives you more flexability and you don't have to only deal with static values. For more details, please read Fuction Query documentation.

Sunspot supports functions in two ways:

  1. You can use functions to dynamically count boosting for field:
#Posts with pizza, scored higher (square promotion field) if is_promoted
Post.search do
  fulltext 'pizza' do
    boost(function { sqrt(:promotion) }) { with(:is_promoted, true) }
  end

  # adds boost query (bq parameter)
  boost(0.5) do
    with(:is_promoted, true)
  end

  # adds a boost function (bf parameter)
  boost(function { sqrt(:promotion) })

  # adds a multiplicative boost function (boost parameter)
  boost_multiplicative(function { sqrt(:promotion) })
end
  1. You're able to use functions for ordering (see examples for order_by_function)

Atomic updates

Atomic Updates is a feature in Solr 4.0 that allows you to update on a field level rather than on a document level. This means that you can update individual fields without having to send the entire document to Solr with the un-updated fields values. For more details, please read Atomic Update documentation.

All fields of the model must be stored, otherwise non-stored values will be lost after an update.

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  searchable do
    # all fields stored
    text :body, :stored => true
    string :title, :stored => true
  end
end

post1 = Post.create #...
post2 = Post.create #...

# atomic update on class level
Post.atomic_update post1.id => {title: 'A New Title'}, post2.id => {body: 'A New Body'}

# atomic update on instance level
post1.atomic_update body: 'A New Body', title: 'Another New Title'

Important

If you are using Composite ID you should pass instance as key, not id.

Post.atomic_update post1 => {title: 'A New Title'}, post2 => {body: 'A New Body'}

It's required only for atomic updates on class level.

More Like This

Sunspot can extract related items using more_like_this. When searching for similar items, you can pass a block with the following options:

  • fields :field_1[, :field_2, ...]
  • minimum_term_frequency ##
  • minimum_document_frequency ##
  • minimum_word_length ##
  • maximum_word_length ##
  • maximum_query_terms ##
  • boost_by_relevance true/false
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  searchable do
    # The :more_like_this option must be set to true
    text :body, :more_like_this => true
  end
end

post = Post.first

results = Sunspot.more_like_this(post) do
  fields :body
  minimum_term_frequency 5
end

To use more_like_this you need to have the MoreLikeThis handler enabled in solrconfig.xml.

Example handler will look like this:

<requestHandler class="solr.MoreLikeThisHandler" name="/mlt">
  <lst name="defaults">
    <str name="mlt.mintf">1</str>
    <str name="mlt.mindf">2</str>
  </lst>
</requestHandler>

Spellcheck

Solr supports spellchecking of search results against a dictionary. Sunspot supports turning on the spellchecker via the query DSL and parsing the response. Read the solr docs for more information on how this all works inside Solr.

Solr's default spellchecking engine expects to use a dictionary comprised of values from an indexed field. This tends to work better than a static dictionary file, since it includes proper nouns in your index. The default in sunspot's solrconfig.xml is textSpell (note that buildOnCommit isn't recommended in production):

<lst name="spellchecker">
   <str name="name">default</str>
   <!-- change field to textSpell and use copyField in schema.xml
   to spellcheck multiple fields -->
   <str name="field">textSpell</str>
   <str name="buildOnCommit">true</str>
 </lst>

Define the textSpell field in your schema.xml.

<field name="textSpell" stored="false" type="textSpell" multiValued="true" indexed="true"/>

To get some data into your spellchecking field, you can use copyField in schema.xml:

<copyField source="*_text"  dest="textSpell" />
<copyField source="*_s"  dest="textSpell" />

copyField works before any analyzers you have set up on the source fields. You can add your own analyzer by customizing the textSpell field type in schema.xml:

<fieldType name="textSpell" class="solr.TextField" positionIncrementGap="100" omitNorms="true">
  <analyzer>
    <tokenizer class="solr.StandardTokenizerFactory"/>
    <filter class="solr.StandardFilterFactory"/>
    <filter class="solr.LowerCaseFilterFactory"/>
  </analyzer>
</fieldType>

It's dangerous to add too much to this analyzer chain. It runs before words are inserted into the spellcheck dictionary, which means the suggestions that come back from solr are post-analyzer. With the default above, that means all spelling suggestions will be lower-case.

Once you have solr configured, you can turn it on for a given query using the query DSL (see spellcheck_spec.rb for more examples):

search = Sunspot.search(Post) do
  keywords 'Cofee'
  spellcheck :count => 3
end

Access the suggestions via the spellcheck_suggestions or spellcheck_suggestion_for (for just the top one) methods:

search.spellcheck_suggestion_for('cofee') # => 'coffee'

search.spellcheck_suggestions # => [{word: 'coffee', freq: 10}, {word: 'toffee', freq: 1}]

If you've turned on collation, you can also get that result:

search = Sunspot.search(Post) do
  keywords 'Cofee market'
  spellcheck :count => 3
end

search.spellcheck_collation # => 'coffee market'

Indexes In Depth

TODO

Index-Time Boosts

To specify that a field should be boosted in relation to other fields for all queries, you can specify the boost at index time:

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  searchable do
    text :title, :boost => 5.0
    text :body
  end
end

Stored Fields

Stored fields keep an original (untokenized/unanalyzed) version of their contents in Solr.

Stored fields allow data to be retrieved without also hitting the underlying database (usually an SQL server). They are also required for highlighting and more like this queries.

Stored fields come at some performance cost in the Solr index, so use them wisely.

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  searchable do
    text :body, :stored => true
  end
end

# Retrieving stored contents without hitting the database
Post.search.hits.each do |hit|
  puts hit.stored(:body)
end

Please note that when you have stored fields declared, they are all going to be retrieved from Solr every time, even if you don't really need them. You can reduce returned stored dataset by using field lists, or you can skip all of them entirely:

Post.search do
  without_stored_fields
end

Hits vs. Results

Sunspot simply stores the type and primary key of objects in Solr. When results are retrieved, those primary keys are used to load the actual object (usually from an SQL database).

# Using #results pulls in the records from the object-relational
# mapper (e.g., ActiveRecord + a SQL server)
Post.search.results.each do |result|
  puts result.body
end

To access information about the results without querying the underlying database, use hits:

# Using #hits gives back all information requested from Solr, but does
# not load the object from the object-relational mapper
Post.search.hits.each do |hit|
  puts hit.stored(:body)
end

If you need both the result (ORM-loaded object) and Hit (e.g., for faceting, highlighting, etc...), you can use the convenience method each_hit_with_result:

Post.search.each_hit_with_result do |hit, result|
  # ...
end

Reindexing Objects

If you are using Rails, objects are automatically indexed to Solr as a part of the save callbacks.

There are a number of ways to index manually within Ruby:

# On a class itself
Person.reindex
Sunspot.commit # or commit(true) for a soft commit (Solr4)

# On mixed objects
Sunspot.index [post1, item2]
Sunspot.index person3
Sunspot.commit # or commit(true) for a soft commit (Solr4)

# With autocommit
Sunspot.index! [post1, item2, person3]

If you make a change to the object's "schema" (code in the searchable block), you must reindex all objects so the changes are reflected in Solr:

bundle exec rake sunspot:reindex

# or, to be specific to a certain model with a certain batch size:
bundle exec rake sunspot:reindex[500,Post] # some shells will require escaping [ with \[ and ] with \]

# to skip the prompt asking you if you want to proceed with the reindexing:
bundle exec rake sunspot:reindex[,,true] # some shells will require escaping [ with \[ and ] with \]

Use Without Rails

TODO

Threading

The default Sunspot Session is not thread-safe. If used in a multi-threaded environment (such as sidekiq), you should configure Sunspot to use the ThreadLocalSessionProxy:

Sunspot.session = Sunspot::SessionProxy::ThreadLocalSessionProxy.new

Within a Rails app, to ensure your config/sunspot.yml settings are properly setup in this session you can use Sunspot::Rails.build_session to mirror the normal Sunspot setup process:

  session = Sunspot::Rails.build_session  Sunspot::Rails::Configuration.new
  Sunspot.session = session

Manually Adjusting Solr Parameters

To add or modify parameters sent to Solr, use adjust_solr_params:

Post.search do
  adjust_solr_params do |params|
    params[:q] += " AND something_s:more"
  end
end

Eager Loading

If you want to do eager loading on your sunspot search all you have to do is add this:

Sunspot.search Post do
  data_accessor_for(Post).include = [:comment]
end

This is as long as you have the relationship in the model as a has_many etc.

In this case you could call the Post.comment and not have any sql queries

Session Proxies

TODO

Type Reference

The following FieldTypes are used in sunspot. sunspot_solr will create schema.xml file inside Project for FieldType reference.

Configuration

Configure Sunspot by creating a config/sunspot.yml file or by setting a SOLR_URL or a WEBSOLR_URL environment variable. The defaults are as follows.

development:
  solr:
    hostname: localhost
    port: 8982
    log_level: INFO

test:
  solr:
    hostname: localhost
    port: 8981
    log_level: WARNING

You may want to use SSL for production environments with a username and password. For example, set SOLR_URL to https://username:password@production.solr.example.com/solr.

You can examine the value of Sunspot::Rails.configuration at runtime.

Running Solr in production environment

sunspot_solr gem is a convenient way to start working with Solr in development. However, it is not suitable for production use. Below are some options for deploying Solr:

  1. Standalone or
  2. Docker Solr setup (also a good alternative for development)
  3. Chef (can be used with solr 7 as well)
  4. Ansible
  5. Kubernetes This deploys a Zookeeper cluster so you will need to convert cores to collections in order to use it.

You can also use Docker Solr for development which, regardless of how you deploy in production, will let you match the version you have deployed in production with the version you develop against. This can simplify maintenance of your cores. See the examples directory for a suitable starting point for a core you can use.

You can run solr in a docker container with the following commands:

docker pull solr:7.7.2
docker run -p 8983:8983 solr:7.7.2 #Add -d to run it in the background

Or in a docker-compose environment:

solr:
  image: solr:7.7.2
  ports:
    - "8983:8983"
  volumes:
    - ./solr/init:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/
    - data:/opt/solr/server/solr/mycores
  restart:
    unless-stopped

where the ./solr/init directory contains a shell script that does any initial setup like downloading and unzipping your cores. In both cases, the solr images by default expects cores to be placed in /opt/solr/server/solr/mycores.

Development

Running Tests

To run all the specs just call rake from the library root folder. To run specs related to individual gems, consider using one of the following commands:

GEM=sunspot ci/travis.sh
GEM=sunspot_rails ci/travis.sh
GEM=sunspot_solr ci/travis.sh

Generating Documentation

Install the yard and redcarpet gems:

$ gem install yard redcarpet

Uninstall the rdiscount gem, if installed:

$ gem uninstall rdiscount

Generate the documentation from topmost directory:

$ yardoc -o docs */lib/**/*.rb - README.md

Tutorials and Articles

License

Sunspot is distributed under the MIT License, copyright (c) 2008-2013 Mat Brown

About

Solr-powered search for Ruby objects

http://sunspot.github.com/

License:MIT License

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