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The greatest operating system ever invented you have probably never heard about whose genius design ideas now enable everything great you love. More...
The ideas behind UNIX®, a research operating system from AT&T in the 1960s, have evolved to form a set of core computer science principles around which dozens of operating systems are built. These operating systems and applications built on them underpin most of modern computing, from the mobile devices in your pocket to mainframes that perform climate change analysis. They exist on a continuum that includes certified UNIX®, open source projects descendanted from the original AT&T UNIX®, and Unix-like projects designed to be Unix-compatible. More...
UNIX® was originally a research operating system developed at AT&T's Bell Labs.® It has evolved today into a set of operating systems standards, called POSIX® overseen by the IEEE®, and official sets of certification that can be obtained by companies for their commercial operating systems, through a process administrated by The Open Group®. Among the operating systems certified as UNIX are massive mainframe operating systems like IBM®'s AIX® as well Apple®'s macOS® desktop operating for their MacBook® and iMac® lineup.
"Unix philosophy" is a core set of computer science principles, first implemented in UNIX®, now codified in standards set forth by IEEE® and The Open Group®, and duplicated in dozens of UNIX®-like operating systems that emphasize building simple, short, clear, modular, and extensible software on a common set of programming standards and libraries that allow that software to be easily maintained and repurposed by developers other than its creators, across numerous operating systems and platforms. This enables the rapid spread and development of new and better software. It goes hand in hand with open source philosophy.
"This is the Unix philosophy: Write programs that do one thing and do it well. Write programs to work together. Write programs to handle text streams, because that is a universal interface." - Douglas McIlroy, former head of Bell Labs Computing Sciences Research Center
The term UNIX also debatedbly encompasses operating systems that are direct descendants of the original AT&T UNIX codebase but have since re-implemented the AT&T code with code under open source licenses. The most prominent of which the family of BSDs: FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD, and their derivatives. These are not UNIX® certified, they are technically Unix-like, but share a unique direct link back to AT&T UNIX®, while newcomers like Redox OS do not.
For a variety of historical and legal reasons, there has also been a massive explosion of Unix-like operating systems. MINIX®, for example, was created as a Unix-like teaching operating system by Prof. Andrew S. Tanenbaum. Linux® was created because Linus Torvalds, a college student, wanted to run a Unix-like operating system on his own hardware. Linux® has since gone on to become the most popular Unix-like operating system. Twenty years later, when Android, Inc.® needed a kernel for their new namesake mobile operating system they borrowed one from Linux. Unix-like operating systems implement some degree of the POSIX® standards and Unix philosophy but do not seek official UNIX® certification.
- macOS® - macOS is the current series of Unix-based graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. designed to run on Apple's personal computers.
- AIX® - AIX is a series of proprietary Unix operating systems developed and sold by IBM for several of its computer platforms.
- HP-UX® - HP-UX is Hewlett Packard Enterprise's proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system, based on UNIX System V.
- UnixWare® - UnixWare is a Unix operating system made by Xinuos from the assets of SCO Group.
- Solaris® - Solaris is a Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems, acquired by Oracle in 2010.
These operating systems, with the exception of Open Server 10, are not UNIX® certified by The Open Group.
- FreeBSD® - FreeBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system descended from Research Unix via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) known for it's package availability.
- GhostBSD - GhostBSD is a Unix-like operating system based on FreeBSD with MATE as its default desktop environment.
- TrueOS® - TrueOS (formerly PC-BSD or PCBSD) is a Unix-like, desktop-oriented operating system built upon the most recent releases of FreeBSD. Features Lumina desktop environment.
- MidnightBSD - MidnightBSD is a free Unix-like, desktop-oriented operating system based on FreeBSD 6.1 and borrowing heavily from the NeXTSTEP graphical user interface.
- PacBSD - A lightweight and flexible FreeBSD distribution that implements the Pacman package manager from Arch Linux.
- FreeNAS® - FreeNAS is a free and open-source network-attached storage (NAS) software based on FreeBSD and the OpenZFS file system.
- pfSense® - pfSense is an open source firewall/router computer software distribution based on FreeBSD
- RaspBSD - RaspBSD is a image of FreeBSD that is preconfigured for Raspberry Pi Computers.
- Open Server 10® - Xinuos® OpenServer 10® is a 64-bit operating system based on the popular FreeBSD and designed to support business applications. 💰
- NAS4Free - NAS4Free is an embedded Open Source NAS (Network-Attached Storage) distribution based on the latest FreeBSD releases.
- NetBSD® - NetBSD is a free and open source Unix-like operating system that descends from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Research Unix derivative developed at the University of California, Berkeley known for it's wideranging platform support.
- OpenBSD - OpenBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like computer operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Research Unix derivative developed at the University of California, Berkeley known for it's security and development discipline.
- DragonflyBSD - DragonFly BSD is a free and open source Unix-like operating system created as a fork of FreeBSD 4.8.
- PureDarwin - PureDarwin is a operating system based on the open-source components of Apple's macOS operating system, principally code derived from NeXTSTEP, BSD, Mach, and other software projects released under free software licenses.
While the vast majority of Linux distributions are not UNIX® certified by The Open Group, two actually are:
- K-UX® - K-UX is a Linux distribution based on CentOS produced by Inspur®, a Chinese multinational company specializing in information technology. 💰
- EulerOS® - EulerOS is a Linux distribution based on CentOS produced by Huawei®, a Chinese networking and telecommunications equipment and services company. 💰
The Most Popular Unix-Like Operating System
These operating systems are not UNIX® certified by The Open Group.
Most Unix-Like Engineered Linux Distributions 
- Devuan - Devuan Linux is a fork of Debian without systemd from UNIX veterans with the goal of becoming the new go-to base distribution for Linux. XFCE is default desktop environment.
- heads - heads is a live CD to connect securely over Tor, unlike Tails it does not rely on systemd or non-free software. awesome is default desktop environment.
- Gnuinos - Gnuinos is a lightweight Linux libre distro based on Devuan with no non-free software featuring OpenBox desktop.
- Dynebolic Linux - Dyne:bolic is a Free Software Foundation-approved Linux libre distro for media activists, artists and creatives.
- Gentoo® - Gentoo is a Linux distribution built using the Portage package management system. Unlike a binary software distribution, the source code is compiled locally.
- Alpine - Alpine Linux is an independent, non-commercial, general purpose Linux distribution designed for power users who appreciate security, simplicity and resource efficiency.
- Adélie - Adélie Linux was created by Gentoo users who combined the power of Alpine with the ease-of-use of a binary package manager. Adélie is notable for supporting x86, PowerPC, MIPS, and ARM platforms.
- Void - Void is a general purpose operating system, based on the monolithic Linux kernel, Features XBPS packaging system.
- Cucumber - Cucumber Linux aims to provide a Linux distribution that is usable as an every day, general purpose operating system. It aims to do this in as minimalistic a way as possible and in a way that follows the Unix Philosophy.
- Slackware - Slackware is a Linux distribution created by Patrick Volkerding in 1993. Slackware aims for design stability and simplicity and to be the most "Unix-like" Linux distribution
- GuixSD - GuixSD is an advanced distribution of the GNU operating system developed by the GNU Project —which respects the freedom of computer users.
- Linux From Scratch - Linux From Scratch is a way to install a working Linux system by building all components of it manually.
- Dragora - The Dragora project produces a libre, reliable, Unix-like GNU/Linux distribution made from scratch.
- Trisquel - Trisquel GNU/Linux is a fully free operating system for home users, small enterprises, and educational centers.
- Morpheus - Linix distribution built with staticly linked binaries using musl libc featuring suckless tools.
- Stali - stali is a static linux distribution based on the original pre-2010 plans of the suckless.org project, but with a couple of revised goals.
- OviOS - OviOS is a distribution designed to easily deploy a Linux unified storage server. Written from scratch it is fully compatible with the Linux Standard Base.
- KNOPPIX - KNOPPIX is a Debian-based distribution that can be run entirely from a CD or USB on computers with minimal hardware specificiations. Replaces systemd in Debian with sysV and systemd-shim.
- Tiny Core Linux - Tiny Core Linux (TCL) is a minimal Linux operating system focusing on providing a base system using BusyBox and FLTK, developed by Robert Shingledecker.
- Red Hat Enterprise® - Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a Linux distribution developed by Red Hat® and targeted toward the commercial market. 💰
- Ubuntu® - Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux distribution published by Canonical® who offer commercial support for enterprise-class Ubuntu Server variant.
- SUSE Linux Enterprise® - SUSE Linux Enterprise workstation/server is a Linux-based operating system developed by SUSE®. It is designed for servers, mainframes, and workstations. 💰
- elementaryOS - elementary OS is a consumer-oriented Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. It is the flagship distribution to showcase the Pantheon desktop environment.💰
- Oracle® - Oracle Linux® is compiled from Red Hat Enterprise Linux source code, replacing Red Hat branding with Oracle's, optimized to run Oracle software. 💰
- Pop!_OS - POP!_OS is a developer-focused minimalist Linux distro from Linux hardware manufacturer System 76®.
- Deepin - Deepin is a popular Chinese Linux distribution based on Debian with a focus on being a user-friendly desktop Linux distribution. It includes a number of pre-installed proprietary applications, such as Skype.
- Debian® - Debian is a Unix-like computer operating system that is composed entirely of free software, most of which is under the GNU General Public License and packaged by a group of individuals participating in the Debian Project.
- Fedora® - Fedora is an Unix-like operating system based on the Linux kernel and GNU programs (a Linux distribution), developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by the Red Hat company.
- CentOS - CentOS is a Linux distribution that attempts to provide a free, enterprise-class, community-supported computing platform functionally compatible with its upstream source, Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
- Magiea - Mageia is a Linux based operating system, distributed as free and open source software. It is forked from the Mandriva Linux distribution.
- OpenSUSE - openSUSE formerly SUSE Linux and SuSE Linux Professional, is a Linux-based project and distribution sponsored by SUSE Linux and other companies.
- Arch - Arch Linux is a Linux distribution for computers based on x86-64 architectures.
- Antergos - Antergos is a Linux distribution based upon Arch Linux.
- Manjaro - Manjaro Linux is an open source operating system for computers. It is a distribution of Linux based on the Arch Linux distribution.
- Parabola - Parabola is derived from Arch and provides packages from it that meet the Free Software Foundation guidelines and replacements for the packages that don't.
- Solus - Solus is an independent desktop operating system based on the Linux kernel. It is offered as a curated rolling release model under the slogan "Install Today. Updates Forever".
- Mint - Linux Mint is a community-driven Linux distribution based on Debian and Ubuntu that strives to be a "modern, elegant and comfortable operating system which is both powerful and easy to use.
- Android™ - Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google®, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
- Chrome OS™ - Chrome OS is an operating system designed by Google that is based on the Linux kernel and uses the Google Chrome™ web browser as its principal user interface.
- CopperheadOS® - CopperheadOS is a source-available operating system for smartphones and tablet computers, based on the Android mobile platform. It is based on the official releases of the Android Open Source Project by Google®, with added privacy and security features.💰
- LineageOS - LineageOS is a free and open-source operating system for smartphones and tablet computers, based on the Android mobile platform.
- postmarketOS - postmarketOS, is a free and open-source operating system under development primarily for smartphones, based on the lightweight Alpine Linux distribution.
- Mer - Mer is a free and open-source software distribution, targeted at hardware vendors to serve as a middleware for Linux kernel-based mobile-oriented operating systems. It is a fork of MeeGo™.
- Sailfish OS - Sailfish OS is a general purpose Linux used commonly as mobile operating system combining the Linux kernel, the open-source Mer core stack of middleware, a proprietary UI, and other third-party components.
- Tizen™ - Tizen is an open source, standards-based software platform for multiple device categories, including smartphones, tablets, TVs, netbooks and automotive infotainment platforms.
- QubesOS - Qubes OS is a security-focused desktop operating system that aims to provide security through isolation. Virtualization is performed by Xen®, and user environments can be based on Fedora, Debian, Whonix, and Microsoft Windows, among other operating systems.
- GoboLinux - GoboLinux is an alternative Linux distribution which redefines the entire filesystem hierarchy. In GoboLinux you don't need a package database because the filesystem is the database.
- GNUSTEP - GNUSTEP is a Linux live CD distribution based on Debian that prominently features the GNUstep application frameworks, a free software re-implementation of the OPENSTEP and Cocoa frameworks originally developed by NeXT with Sun Microsystems.
- oasis - A small statically-linked linux system suitable for a range of uses including server and desktop. The entire system can be compiled in minutes.
- Tails - Tails is a security-focused Debian-based Linux distribution aimed at preserving privacy and anonymity
- Bedrock - Bedrock Linux is a Linux distribution created with the aim of making most of the (often seemingly mutually-exclusive) benefits of various other Linux distributions available simultaneously and transparently.
- RancherOS - A simplified Linux distribution built from containers, for containers. Everything in RancherOS is a container managed by Docker.
- Red Star OS - Red Star OS is a North Korean Linux operating system developed for use in North Korea that computer researches have noted watermarks every document and media file on a computer or on any USB stick connected to it.
- Windows Linux Subsystem - Windows® Subsystem for Linux (WSL) is a compatibility layer for running Linux binary executables (in ELF format) natively on Windows 10.® 💰
- OpenWrt - OpenWrt is an open source project for an embedded operating system based on Linux, primarily used on embedded devices to route network traffic.
- Ångström - Ångström is a Linux distribution for a variety of embedded devices. The distribution is the result of work by developers from the OpenZaurus, OpenEmbedded, and OpenSIMpad projects.
- Poky - Poky is a reference distribution for the Yocto Project™, an open source project that provides templates, tools, and methods to create custom Linux-based systems for embedded devices.
- Ubuntu Core - Ubuntu Core is a tiny, transactional version of Ubuntu for IoT devices and large container deployments.
- Raspbian - Raspbian is a Debian-based computer operating system for Raspberry Pi
These operating systems are not UNIX® certified by The Open Group.
- iOS® - iOS is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. with a larged shared code base with macOS.
- watchOS® - watchOS is the mobile operating system of the Apple Watch®, developed by Apple Inc. It is based on the iOS operating system.
- tvOS™ - tvOS is an operating system developed by Apple Inc. for the fourth-generation and later Apple TV digital media player. It is based on the iOS operating system.
Solaris® was originally a UNIX operating system developed jointly by Sun Microsystems® and AT&T® as a version of AT&T's UNIX System V Release 4. Sun continued development on Solaris and later obtained UNIX certification for Solaris. In 2004 Sun open-sourced much of the Solaris code base as OpenSolaris. Sun was acquired by Oracle in 2010 who discontinued formal support of the OpenSolaris project. OpenSolaris was forked and lives on as illumos.
- illumos - illumos is a free and open-source Unix operating system. It derives from OpenSolaris, which in turn derives from SVR4 UNIX and Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD).
- OpenIndiana - OpenIndiana is a free and open-source, Unix operating system derived from OpenSolaris and based on illumos. Developers forked OpenSolaris after Oracle Corporation discontinued it.
- SmartOS - SmartOS is a free and open-source SVR4 hypervisor, based on the illumos operating system that combines OpenSolaris technology with Linux's KVM virtualization.
- OmniOS - OmniOS builds on Illumos to make a complete operating system and provide users with a familiar, installable operating system with a minimal package set to ease regulatory compliance.
- DilOS - DilOS is an illumos-based platform featuring the Debian package manager (dpkg+apt).
- Tribblix - Tribblix is an operating system created by Peter Tribble. Derived from OpenSolaris, OpenIndiana, and illumos, it blends a retro style with modern components.
- XStreamOS - XStreamOS is an effort to mantain a distribution of the illumos kernel, featuring a customized text install, the ZFS fileystem, advanced features, and a starting point to contribute and develop the illumos kernel.
- Minix® - Minix is a POSIX®-compliant Unix-like computer operating system based on a microkernel architecture.
- Haiku - Haiku is a free and open-source operating system compatible with the now-discontinued BeOS.® Its development began in 2001, and the operating system became self-hosting in 2008.
- Minoca OS - Minoca OS is a general purpose operating system written from scratch. It aims to be lean, maintainable, modular, and compatible with existing software.
- Redox - Redox is a Unix-like microkernel operating system written in the programming language Rust, a language with focus on safety and high performance. Redox aims to be secure, usable, and free.
- GNU/Hurd - GNU Hurd is the multiserver microkernel written as part of GNU. It has been under development since 1990 by the GNU Project of the Free Software Foundation, designed as a replacement for the Unix kernel, and released as free software under the GNU General Public License.
- Akaros - Akaros is an open source, GPL-licensed operating system for manycore architectures. The goal is to provide support for parallel and high-performance applications and to scale to a large number of cores.
- Sortix - Sortix is a small self-hosting operating-system aiming to be a clean and modern POSIX implementation, a hobbyist operating system written from scratch with its own base system, including kernel and standard library, as well as ports of third party software.
- OpenVMS™ - OpenVMS is a enterprise operating system known for it's reliability. It is the successor to the VMS Operating System and runs on DEC Alpha systems. OpenVMS has it's own software lineage that predates UNIX and includes Windows NT but POSIX compatibility was added to OpenVMS in 1991.
Plan 9 was developed by Bell Labs as the successor to UNIX and incorporated novel ideas, such as a GUI and distributed computing. Official development by Bell Labs has since halted but the code was re-released under the GPL and projects exist to build on Plan 9. Many Bell Labs employees still volunteer on these projects.
- 9front - 9front is a fork of Plan 9 from Bell Labs by the People's Front of Cat-V. It is a next generation mushroom cloud computing platform for the 20th century.
- 9legacy - 9legacy is an experimental patch queue for Plan 9 from Bell Labs.
- Harvey OS - Harvey is an effort to provide a modern, distributed, 64 bit operating system. A different environment for researching and finding new lines of work. It can be built with gcc and clang and has an ANSI/POSIX compliant subsystem.
- Inferno® - Inferno was an effort to commercialize Plan 9 as networking software, however like Plan 9 it remained obscure while it's ideas permeated into current operating systems.
- Jehanne - Jehanne is a new distributed operating system designed for programmers. The core values that lead the development are simplicity and security. Jehanne is a fork of Harvey.
Unix-like Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS)
A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) intended to serve real-time applications that process data as it comes in, typically without buffer delays. An example of this in QNX which is used widely in cars and trucks.
- QNX® - QNX is a commercial Unix-like real-time operating system, aimed primarily at the embedded systems market, found in many modern automobiles. 💰
- Integrity® - Integrity is a real-time operating systems produced and marketed by Green Hills Software. Integrity-178B has a top National Security Agency rating. 💰
- Contiki - Contiki is an operating system for networked, memory-constrained systems with a focus on low-power wireless Internet of Things devices.
- LynxOS® - The LynxOS RTOS is a Unix-like real-time operating system from Lynx Software Technologies. LynxOS features full POSIX conformance and, more recently, Linux compatibility. 💰
- nuttX® - NuttX is a real-time operating system (RTOS) with an emphasis on standards compliance and small footprint. Scalable, the primary focus in NuttX are POSIX and ANSI standards.
- Fuchsia - Fuchsia is a new real-time operating system (RTOS) currently being developed by Google with a degree of POSIX compataibility.
- Differentiating UNIX and Linux - From IBM
- What, a real UNIX®? - Excerpt from Explaining BSD.
- 10 differences between Linux and BSD - From Tech Republic 📰
- Unix Heritage Wiki - The Unix Heritage Wiki aims to collect the available historical documents of Unix into one central place so they can be studied by researchers and Unix enthusiasts alike.
- Unix History - Éric Lévénez has produced a simplified diagram of UNIX history and collected several useful other UNIX historical resources.
- Unix and Multics - The Multicians web site presents the story of the Multics operating system for people interested in the system's history.
- The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System - Paper presents a brief history of the early development of the Unix operating system, by Dennis M. Ritchie.
- A Quarter Century of Unix, Peter Salus, Addison-Wesley Professional, June 10, 1994, ISBN 978-0201547771. 📚
- The C Programming Language, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1978, ISBN 0131101633. 📚
- AT&T Archives: The UNIX Operating System 📼
- UNIX - From "Computer Chronicles" TV Series (1985). 📼
- UNIX - From "Computer Chronicles" TV Series (1989). 📼
- C and Unix at Bell Labs - By Brian Kernighan at Vintage Computer Federation East 10 (2016). 📼
- The Art of Unix Programming, Eric Steven Raymond, Thyrsus Enterprises, 2003. 📚
- Program Design in the UNIX Environment 📄
- Bringing the Unix Philosophy to Big Data - By Bryan Cantrill, CTO of Joylent, developer of illumos-based SmartOS, at FutureStack13 (2013). 📼
- Do one thing, and do it well: 40 years of UNIX 📰
- suckless Philosophy - suckless is the home of dwm, dmenu, and other quality software with a focus on simplicity, clarity, and frugality.
- The Unix Workbench - A book for anyone to get started with Unix.
- The Art of Command Line - Master the command line, in one page.
- The Bash Academy - The Bash Academy is an initiative to promote the bash shell language and educate people on its use.
- Awesome Command Line Apps
- Learn-C.org - C is a general-purpose computer programming language developed at Bell Labs concurrently with UNIX. Most UNIX and NIX operating systems are still written in versions of C, with notable exceptions such as Haiku in C++ and Redox in Rust.
- Awesome C
- Rust Learning - A bunch of links to blog posts, articles, videos, etc for learning Rust.
- Awesome Rust - A curated list of Rust code and resources.
- Awesome Modern C++ - A collection of resources on modern C++.
- Awesome Swift - A collaborative list of awesome Swift libraries and resources.
- Awesome Programming - A curated list of awesome programming talks, articles, books, resources and more.
- Awesome Awesomeness
- learning-fortran - Repository created in order to learn basics of Fortran, with links to several tutorials.
- Awesome Fortran - A curated list of Fortran libraries.
- Python Learning Resources - Resources for learning Python.
- Awesome Python - A curated list of awesome Python frameworks, libraries, software, and resources.
- WinWorld Library - Collection of abandonware operating systems, including many old UNIX and Unix-like.
- AT&T 3B1 Emulator - Emulate the original AT&T UNIX.
- The UNIX Tree - Browse the source code and manuals of various old versions of Unix
- Unix History Repository - The source code of the original UNIX through it's various versions implemented in git.
- nixCraft - NixCraft is an online community of new and seasoned Linux / Unix users.
- LWN - LWN is a reader-supported news site dedicated to producing the best coverage from within the Linux and free software development communities.
- /r/unixporn - A subreddit dedicated to NIX customization.
- DistroWatch - DistroWatch is a website which provides news, popularity rankings, and other general information about various Linux distributions and operating systems.
- IRC freenode, see #irchelp for more on IRC
- ##unixlove
- ##climagic
- ##kernel
- #debian
- ##linux
- #macosx
- #devuan
- IRC Snoonet
- #linuxmasterrace
- Awesome Sysadmin
- Free Software Foundation - The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a nonprofit with a worldwide mission to promote computer user freedom. We defend the rights of all software users.
- Open Source Initiative - The Open Source Initiative (OSI) protects and promotes open source software, development and communities, championing software freedom in society.
- The Cathedral and the Bazaar, by Eric S. Raymond.
- USENIX℠ - The USENIX Association is the Advanced Computing Systems Association. It was founded in 1975 under the name "Unix Users Group," focusing primarily on the study and development of Unix and similar systems.
- The Open Group® - The Open Group is a vendor- and technology-neutral industry consortium and is the certifying body for the UNIX trademark and publishes the Single UNIX Specification technical standard,[3] which extends the POSIX standards.
- The Linux Foundation® - The Linux Foundation (LF) is dedicated to building sustainable ecosystems around open source projects to accelerate technology development and commercial adoption. The largest open source non-profit organization, it works to promote, protect, and advance Linux and collaborative development.
- FreeBSD Foundation - The FreeBSD Foundation is a non-profit organization dedicated to supporting and building the FreeBSD Project and community worldwide.
- Microsoft Xenix® - Xenix is a discontinued version of the Unix operating system for various microcomputer platforms, licensed by Microsoft® from AT&T in the late 1970s.
- BSD386 - BSD/OS (originally called BSD/386 and sometimes known as BSDi) is a discontinued proprietary version of the BSD operating system developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc. (BSDi).
- NeXTSTEP - NeXTSTEP is a discontinued object-oriented, multitasking operating system based on UNIX. It was developed by NeXT Computer in the late 1980s and early 1990s and was initially used for its range of proprietary workstation computers such as the NeXTcube.
- IRIX® - IRIX is a discontinued operating system developed by Silicon Graphics (SGI) to run natively on their MIPS workstations and servers. It is based on UNIX System V with BSD extensions. SGI's Indigo Magic™ Desktop for IRIX® is still under active development for IRIX and Linux.
- BeOS® - BeOS is an operating system for personal computers first developed by Be Inc. in 1991 built for digital media work with partial POSIX® compatibility. An open source replacement, Haiku, is under active development.
- Darwin - Darwin is an open-source Unix operating system released by Apple, Inc. It is composed of code developed by Apple, as well as code derived from NeXTSTEP, BSD, Mach, and other free software projects.
- MkLinux - MkLinux is an open source computer operating system started by the Open Group and Apple in 1996 to port Linux to Macintosh computers. Its last release was in 2002.
- CoLinux - Cooperative Linux, abbreviated coLinux, was software which allowed Microsoft Windows and the Linux kernel to run simultaneously in parallel on the same machine.
- ULTRIX - ULTRIX is the brand name of Digital Equipment Corporation's discontinued native UNIX operating systems for the PDP-11, VAX, and DECstations.
- Awesome Mac
- Awesome macOS Command Line
- OS X for UNIX Users - Apple Technical Brief, July 2011
- Learning Unix for OS X: Going Deep With the Terminal and Shell, Dave Taylor, O'Reilly Media, 2nd edition (February 12, 2016), ISBN 1491939982. 📚
- Fork Yeah! The Rise and Development of illumos - By Bryan Cantrill, CTO of Joylent, developer of illumos-based SmartOS, at USENEX LISA '11 (2011). 📼
- Illumos at 6 - By Peter Tribble, developer of illumos-based Tribblix, at FLOSSUK8 (2017). 📼
- Awesome DTrace
- What are SunOS and Solaris?
- UNIX Packages - Archive of pre-compiled open source applications for Sun Solaris 2.5 through 11.
- Awesome BSD
- MeetBSD - MeetBSD is an annual event gathering of users and developers of the BSD operating systems family.
- BSD v. Linux
- A Narrative History of BSD - By Kirk McKusick, USENIX℠ Board Member, at MeetBSD California (2014). 📼
- Revolution OS - Revolution OS is a 2001 documentary which traces the history of GNU, Linux, and the open source and free software movements. (2001). 📼
- Awesome Linux Software
- Awesome Linux
- Linux Standard Base - LSB is an effort to develop a unifying set of standards for Linux not unlike the Open Group's standards for UNIX.
- Apple® - macOS laptops and desktops, x86
- iXsystems® - FreeBSD servers from the company that develops TrueOS and FreeNAS, x86
- System76® - Linux laptops and desktops, x86
- Purism - Linux laptops, x86
- Entroware® - Linux laptops, desktops, and servers, x86
- HP®
- Consumer/Small Business® - Linux laptops, desktops, and servers
- HP Enterprise® - HP-UX servers, x86 and PA-RISC
- Oracle® - Linux and Solaris servers, x86 and SPARC
- Dell® - Linux laptops, desktops, and servers; x86
- IBM® - Linux and AIX servers, x86 and RISC
- Lenovo - Linux laptops, desktops, and servers; x86
- Raptor Engineering® - Linux PowerPC® workstation
- PowerPC Notebook - Linux laptop with PowerPC architecture
- StationX - Linux laptops and desktops, x86
- Fujitsu® - Linux and Solaris servers, SPARC®
- Inspur® - Linux servers, x86
- Huawei™ - Linux servers, x86
- Google® - Chrome OS laptops and desktops, ARM and x86
- Ubuntu-Certified Hardware
- The Open Group® is not affiliated with and has not endorsed or sponsored this page.
- UNIX®, The Open Group®, and UnixWare® are trademarks of The Open Group. Use of The Open Group trademarks are authorized by The Open Group Trademark Guidelines as "Editorial or Articles, but not Advertising" and/or permitted by trademark fair use under United States law.
- FreeBSD® is a registered trademark of The FreeBSD Foundation. in the United States and/or other countries.
- NetBSD® is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Apple®, MacBook®, iMac®, and macOS® are registered trademarks of Apple, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Debian® is a registered trademark of Software in the Public Interest, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- IEEE®, IEEE Standard 1003.1, and POSIX® are trademarks or registered trademarks of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Bell Labs® and Plan 9® are reademarks or registered trademarks of Alcatel-Lucent USA, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and/or other countries.
- AT&T, the AT&T logo, AT&T slogans and other AT&T product/service names and logos are trademarks and service marks of AT&T Intellectual Property or AT&T affiliated company ("AT&T Marks").
- AIX®, PowerPC®, and IBM® are trademarks or registered trademarks of IBM Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
- HP® and HP-UX® are trademarks or registered trademarks of HP Hewlett Packard Group, LLC in the United States and/or other countries.
- Illumos® is a registered trademark of Garrett D'Amore in the United States and/or other countries.
- Xinuos® is a registered trademark of Xinuos, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Oracle, Solaris, and Sun Microsystems are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners
- Slackware is a trademark of Patrick Volkerding in the United States and/or other countries.
- Google®, Chrome OS™, and Android™ are registered trademarks of Alphabet, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- IXsystems®, TrueOS®, BSDi, Berkeley Software Design, Inc., and FreeNAS® are trademarks or registered trademarks of IXsystems, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- BeOS® is a trademark or registered trademark of ACCESS Systems Americas, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Linux Foundation, Xen®, MeeGo, Tizen, and Yocto Project™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of the Linux Foundation in the United States and/or other countries.
- K-UX® and Inspur® are registered trademarks of Inspur Technologies Co., Ltd. in the United States and/or other countries.
- EulerOS® and Huwaei® is a registered trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. in the United States and/or other countries.
- pfSense® is a registered trademark of Electric Sheep Fencing, LLC in the United States and/or other countries.
- Inferno® is a registered trademark of Vita Nuova Holdings Ltd. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Red Hat®, Fedora®, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux® are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Ubuntu® and Canonical® are registered trademark of Canonical Limited in the United States and/or other countries.
- SUSE® and SUSE Linux Enterprise® are registered trademarks of SUSE in the United States and/or other countries.
- System76® is a registered trademark of System76, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Windows®, Microsoft®, Skype®, Windows NT®, and Xenix® are trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
- QNX® is a registered trademark of Blackberry Limited in the United States and/or other countries.
- Huawei™ is is a trademark or registered trademark of Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Integrity® and Green Hills Software are registered trademarks of Green Hills Software in the United States and/or other countries.
- LynxOS® is a registered trademark of Lynx Software Technologies, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- CopperheadOS® is a registered trademark of Copperhead Limited in the United States and/or other countries.
- MINIX® is a trademark or registered trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Gentoo® is a registered trademark of Gentoo Foundation, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Dell® is a trademark or registered trademark of Dell, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Entroware® is a trademark of Entroware, a UK company, in the United States and/or other countries.
- Raptor Computing Systems® is a registered trademark of Timothy Pearson in the United States and/or other countries.
- OpenVMS is a trademark or registered trademark of VMS Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Fujistu® is a trademark or registered trademark of Fujitsu Limited. in the United States and/or other countries.
- SPARC® is a trademark or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Lenovo® is a trademark or registered trademark of Lenovo Group Ltd. in the United States and/or other countries.
- USENIX℠ is a servicemark of the Advanced Computing Systems Association in the United States and/or other countries.
- O'Reilly Media is a trade name of O'Reilly Media, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- The OSI logo
- Joylent™ is a trademark of Joylent, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- IRIX®, SGI®, and Indigo Magic are trademarks or registered trademarks of Silicon Graphics, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Docker® is a trademark or registered trademark of Docker, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
- Rust™ is a trademark of the Mozilla Foundation, Inc.
- IOS is a trademark or registered trademark of Cisco in the United States and other countries and is used by Apple, Inc. under license.
- X Window System™ is a trademark of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- DEC™, PDP-11™, DECnet™, DECstations™, VMS™, ULTRIX™, Digital™, VAX™ are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation.
All other trademarks mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners and may be registered in the United States and/or other countries.
This document is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 license.
Portions of the descriptions above are from Wikipedia and used under CC BY-SA 4.0 license.