latex notation: about latex | relations and operators | sets and logic | geometry | analysis | algebra | superscripts and subscripts | arrows | dots | blackboard bold, fraktur, and calligraphic | english punctuation | latin accent | greek | ipa: plosives | ipa: nasals | ipa: fricatives & approximants | ipa: vowels | astronomy | games | keyboard symbols
install and use: mac os x | microsoft windows | emacs | x windows
apl notation: apl input methods
Difficulty typing mathematical symbols?
Install a keyboard input method for mathematics and use LaTeX notation to enter 1054 Unicode characters.
Input methods for Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Emacs, and X Windows.
Here are some examples of LaTeX notation:
\infty ∞
\sum ∑
\int ∫
\leftarrow ←
\alpha α
\subseteq ⊆
When the input method is in effect, one types LaTeX notation and it
is rendered to the mathematical symbol on the fly. E.g. type
\infty followed by a SPACE and an ∞ is inserted into the document.
LaTeX notation which cannot be rendered has no effect. The input method cannot make fractions, radicals, or matrices, for example. Only LaTeX notation for which there is a Unicode character is rendered.
LaTeX is used for documents which contain mathematical notation. The mathematical notation is set off from the rest of the text by math mode markers such as the double dollar sign, e.g:
$$ x = 3 $$
Outside of the markers LaTeX is in paragraph mode.
Most of the notation used by the input methods is drawn from math mode. Notation from
paragraph mode is also used where it does not conflict. An example of a conflict is the single
quote ' and doubled single quotes '' which are right single quote and right double quote
in paragraph mode and prime and double prime in math mode.
The input methods also use notation from the following four packages:
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{tipa}
\le ≤ \pm ±
\ge ≥ \mp ∓
\neq ≠ \times ×
\approx ≈ \div ÷
\not\approx ≉ \cdot ⋅
\simeq ≃ \circ ∘
\cong ≅
\equiv ≡
\not\equiv ≢
\not< ≮
\not> ≯
\not\le ≰
\not\ge ≱
\ll ≪
\gg ≫
\emptyset ∅ \aleph ℵ
\in ∈ \beth ℶ
\notin ∉ \neg ¬
\ni ∋ \wedge ∧
\not\ni ∌ \vee ∨
\subset ⊂ \veebar ⊻
\subseteq ⊆ \forall ∀
\not\subset ⊄ \exists ∃
\not\subseteq ⊈ \top ⊤
\subsetneq ⊊ \bot ⊥
\supsetneq ⊋ \therefore ∴
\supset ⊃ \vdash ⊢
\supseteq ⊇ \models ⊨
\cup ∪ \Box □
\cap ∩
\bigcup ⋃
\bigcap ⋂
\setminus ∖
\angle ∠
\triangle △
\perp ⊥
\parallel ∥
\cong ≅
\sim ∼
\infty ∞ \lfloor ⌊
\Delta Δ \rfloor ⌋
\nabla ∇ \lceil ⌈
\partial ∂ \rceil ⌉
\sum ∑ \| ∥
\prod ∏ \langle ⟨
\int ∫ \rangle ⟩
\iint ∬ ' ′
\iiint ∭ '' ″
\iiiint ⨌ ''' ‴
\oint ∮
\Re ℜ
\Im ℑ
\wp ℘
\oplus ⊕ \bigoplus ⨁
\otimes ⊗ \bigotimes ⨂
\triangleleft ◃
\unlhd ⊴
\rtimes ⋊
\wr ≀
^0 ⁰ _0 ₀
^1 ¹ _1 ₁
^2 ² _2 ₂
^3 ³ _3 ₃
^a ᵃ _a ₐ
^b ᵇ
^c ᶜ
^A ᴬ
^B ᴮ
^+ ⁺ _+ ₊
^- ⁻ _- ₋
^= ⁼ _= ₌
^( ⁽ _( ₍
^) ⁾ _) ₎
^\alpha ᵅ
^\beta ᵝ _\beta ᵦ
^\gamma ᵞ _\gamma ᵧ
Can be superscript: 0-9a-pr-zABD-PRTUVW+-=()αβγδ∊θιϕφχ
Can be subscript: 0-9aehijklmnoprstuvx+-=()βγρφχ
\rightarrow → \Rightarrow ⇒
\leftarrow ← \Leftarrow ⇐
\uparrow ↑ \Uparrow ⇑
\downarrow ↓ \Downarrow ⇓
\nwarrow ↖ \nearrow ↗
\searrow ↘ \swarrow ↙
\mapsto ↦
\leftrightarrow ↔ \Leftrightarrow ⇔
\rightarrowtail ↣
\twoheadrightarrow ↠
\hookrightarrow ↪
\cdot ⋅
\cdots ⋯
\ddots ⋱
\ldots …
\vdots ⋮
Some of the characters in this section have Unicode points greater than U+FFFF.
\mathbb{A} 𝔸 \mathbb{a} 𝕒
\mathbb{B} 𝔹 \mathbb{b} 𝕓
\mathbb{C} ℂ \mathbb{c} 𝕔
\mathbb{0} 𝟘
\mathbb{1} 𝟙
\mathbb{2} 𝟚
\mathfrak{A} 𝔄 \mathfrak{a} 𝔞
\mathfrak{B} 𝔅 \mathfrak{b} 𝔟
\mathfrak{C} ℭ \mathfrak{c} 𝔠
\mathcal{A} 𝒜 \mathcal{a} 𝒶
\mathcal{B} ℬ \mathcal{b} 𝒷
\mathcal{C} 𝒞 \mathcal{c} 𝒸
` ‘ \S §
\mbox{'} ’ \dag †
`` “ \ddag ‡
\mbox{''} ” \P ¶
-- – \copyright ©
--- — \pounds £
\'a á \acute{a} á
\`a à \grave{a} à
\^a â \hat{a} â
\"a ä \ddot{a} ä
\~a ã \tilde{a} ã
\v{a} ǎ \check{a} ǎ
\=a ā \bar{a} ā
\u{a} ǎ \breve{a} ȧ
\.a ȧ \dot{a} ạ
\d{a} ạ
\ss ß \ae æ
!' ¡ \AE Æ
?' ¿ \aa å
\c{c} ç \AA Å
\c{C} Ç \dh ð
\~n ñ \DH Ð
\~N Ñ \l ł
\oe œ \L Ł
\OE Œ \o ø
\O Ø
\th þ
\TH Þ
Acute: á ć é ǵ í ḱ ĺ ḿ ń ó ṕ ŕ ś ú ẃ ý ź Á Ć É Ǵ Í Ḱ Ĺ Ḿ Ń Ó Ṕ Ŕ Ś Ú Ẃ Ý Ź
Grave: à è ì ǹ ò ù ẁ ỳ À È Ì Ǹ Ò Ù Ẁ Ỳ
Circumflex: â ĉ ê ĝ ĥ î ĵ ô ŝ û ŵ ŷ ẑ Â Ĉ Ê Ĝ Ĥ Î Ĵ Ô Ŝ Û Ŵ Ŷ Ẑ
Dieresis: ä ë ḧ ï ö ẗ ü ẅ ẍ ÿ Ä Ë Ḧ Ï Ö Ü Ẅ Ẍ Ÿ
Tilde: ã ẽ ĩ ñ õ ũ ỹ Ā Ẽ Ĩ Ñ Õ Ũ Ỹ
Caron: ǎ č ď ň ř š ť ž Ǎ Č Ď Ň Ř Š Ť Ž
Macron: ā ē ḡ ō ū ȳ Ā Ē Ḡ Ī Ō Ū Ȳ
Breve: ă ĕ ğ ĭ ŏ ŭ Ă Ĕ Ğ Ĭ Ŏ Ŭ
Overdot: ȧ ḃ ċ ḋ ė ḟ ġ ḣ ṁ ṅ ȯ ṗ ṙ ṡ ṫ ẇ ẋ ẏ ż Ȧ Ḃ Ċ Ḋ Ė Ḟ Ġ Ḣ İ Ṁ Ṅ Ȯ Ṗ Ṙ Ṡ Ṫ Ẇ Ẋ Ẏ Ż
Underdot: ạ ḅ ḍ ẹ ḥ ị ḳ ḷ ṃ ṇ ọ ṛ ṣ ṭ ụ ṿ ẉ ỵ ẓ Ạ Ḅ Ḍ Ẹ Ḥ Ị Ḳ Ḷ Ṃ Ṇ Ọ Ṛ Ṣ Ṭ Ụ Ṿ Ẉ Ỵ Ẓ
\alpha α \Alpha Α
\beta β \Beta Β
\gamma γ \Gamma Γ
\delta δ \Delta Δ
\epsilon ϵ \Epsilon Ε
\zeta ζ \Zeta Ζ
\eta η \Eta Η
\theta θ \Theta Θ
\kappa κ \Kappa Κ
\lambda λ \Lambda Λ
\mu μ \Mu Μ
\nu ν \Nu Ν
\xi ξ \Xi Ξ
\omicron ο \Omicron Ο
\pi π \Pi Π
\rho ρ \Rho Ρ
\sigma σ \Sigma Σ
\tau τ \Tau Τ
\upsilon υ \Upsilon Υ
\phi ϕ \Phi Φ
\chi χ \Chi Χ
\psi ψ \Psi Ψ
\omega ω \Omega Ω
\varepsilon ε
\varkappa ϰ
\varphi φ
\varpi ϖ
\varrho ϱ
\varsigma ς
\vartheta ϑ
b b voiced bilabial plosive
c c voiceless palatal plosive (e.g. Hungarian ty)
d d voiced dental/alveolar plosive
\textrtaild ɖ voiced retroflex plosive
g g voiced velar plosive
\textscg ɢ voiced uvular plosive
k k voiceless velar plosive
p p voiceless bilabial plosive
q q voiceless uvular plosive
t t voiceless dental/alveolar plosive
\textrtailt ʈ voiceless retroflex plosive
\textglotstop ʔ glottal plosive
\textbarglotstop ʡ epiglottal plosive
m m voiced bilabial nasal
\textltailm ɱ voiced labiodental nasal
n n voiced dental/alveolar nasal
\textrtailn ɳ voiced retroflex nasal
\textltailn ɲ voiced palatal nasal
\ng ŋ voiced velar nasal
\textscn ɴ voiced uvular nasal
\textbeta β voiced bilabial fricative
\textctc ɕ voicelss alveolo-palatal median laminal fricative
\c{c} ç voiceless palatal median fricative.
\dh ð voiced apico-dental/interdental fricative
f f voiceless labiodental fricative
\textgamma ɣ voiced velar fricative
h h voiceless glottal fricative/approximant
\textcrh ħ voiceless pharyngeal fricative
\textturnh ɥ voiced rounded palatal median approximant (i.e. rounded [j])
\textsch ʜ voiceless epiglottal fricative
\texthth ɦ voiced glottal fricative
\texththeng ɧ combination of [x] and [ʃ] (e.g. Swedish tj, kj)
j j voiced palatal median approximant
\textctj ʝ voiced palatal median fricative
l l voiced alveolar lateral approximant
\textrtaill ɭ voiced retroflex lateral approximant
\textbeltl ɬ voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
\textltilde ɫ velarized voiced alveolar lateral approximant
\textlyoghlig ɮ voiced alveolar lateral fricative
\textscl ʟ voiced velar lateral approximant
\textturnmrleg ɰ voiced velar median approximant
\texttheta θ voiceless interdental median fricative
\textphi ɸ voiceless bilabial fricative
r r voiced apico-alveolar trill
\textturnr ɹ voiced alveolar/postalveolar approximant
\textturnlonglegr ɺ voiced alveolar lateral flap
\textfishhookr ɾ voiced alveolar flap
\textturnrrtail ɻ voiced retroflex approximant
\textscr ʀ voiced uvular trill or flap
\textinvscr ʁ voiced uvular fricative or approximant (e.g. French r)
\textrtailr ɽ voiced retroflex flap
s s voiceless alveolar median fricative
\textrtails ʂ voiceless retroflex median fricative
\textesh ʃ voiceless palato-alveolar median laminal fricative
v v voiced labiodental fricative
\textscriptv ʋ voiced labiodental approximant
w w voiced rounded labial-velar approximant
\textturnw ʍ voiceless rounded labial-velar approximant/fricative (i.e. voiceless [w])
x x voiceless velar median fricative
\textchi χ voicelss uvular median fricative
\textturny ʎ voiced palatal lateral approximant (e.g. Italian gl)
z z voiced alveolar/dental median fricative
\textrtailz ʐ voiced retroflex median fricative
\textctz ʑ voiced alveolo-palatal median laminal fricative
\textyogh ʒ voiced palato-alveolar median laminal fricative
\textrevglotstop ʕ voiced pharyngeal fricative
\textbarrevglotstop ʢ voiced epiglottal fricative
a a unrounded front low vowel (cardinal vowel no. 4)
\textturna ɐ unrounded central low vowel
\textscripta ɑ unrounded back low vowel (cardinal vowel no. 5)
\textturnscripta ɒ rounded back low vowel (cardinal vowel no. 13)
\ae æ unrounded front semi-low vowel
e e unrounded front high-mid vowel (cardinal vowel no. 2)
\textschwa ə unrounded central mid vowel
\textreve ɘ unrounded central high-mid vowel
\textrighthookschwa ɚ rhotacized [ə]
\textepsilon ɛ unrounded front low-mid vowel (cardinal vowel no. 3)
\textrevepsilon ɜ unrounded central low-mid vowel
\textrhookrevepsilon ɝ rhotacized [ɜ]
\textcloserevepsilon ɞ rounded central low-mid vowel
\textbabygamma ɤ unrounded back high-mid vowel (cardinal vowel no. 15)
\textturnm ɯ unrounded back high vowel (cardinal vowel no. 16)
i i unrounded front high vowel (cardinal vowel no. 1)
\textiota ι unrounded front semi-high vowel
\textsci ɪ synonym for [ι]
\textbari ɨ unrounded central high vowel (cardinal vowel no. 17)
o o rounded back high-mid vowel (cardinal vowel no. 7)
\textbaro ɵ rounded central high-mid vowel
\o ø rounded front high-mid vowel (cardinal vowel no. 10)
\oe œ rounded front low-mid vowel (cardinal vowel no. 11)
\textscoelig ɶ rounded front low vowel (cardinal vowel no. 12)
\textopeno ɔ rounded back low-md vowel (cardinal vowel no. 6)
u u rounded back high vowel (cardinal vowel no. 8)
\textbaru ʉ rounded central high vowel (cardinal vowel no. 18)
\textupsilon ʊ rounded back semi-high vowel
\textturnv ʌ unrounded back low-mid vowel (cardinal vowel no. 14)
y y rounded front high vowel (cardinal vowel no. 9)
\textscy ʏ rounded front semi-high vowel
\texthtb ɓ voiced glottalic ingressive bilabial stop
\texthtd ɗ voiced glottalic ingressive dental/postalveolar stop
\texthtg ɠ voiced glottalic ingressive velar stop
\texthtscg ʛ voiced glottalic ingressive uvular stop
\textbullseye ʘ bilabial click
\textpipe ǀ dental click
\textdoublepipe ǁ lateral click
! ! alveloar/postalveolar click
\mercury ☿ \aries ♈
\venus ♀ \taurus ♉
\earth ⊕ \gemini ♊
\mars ♂ \cancer ♋
\jupiter ♃ \leo ♌
\saturn ♄ \virgo ♍
\uranus ⛢ \libra ♎
\neptune ♆ \scorpio ♏
\pluto ♇ \sagittarius ♐
\astrosun ☉ \capricornus ♑
\rightmoon ☽ \aquarius ♒
\leftmoon ☾ \pisces ♓
\ascnode ☊
\descnode ☋
\conjunction ☌
\opposition ☍
\blackbishop ♝ \epsdice{1} ⚀
\blackking ♚ \epsdice{2} ⚁
\blackknight ♞ \epsdice{3} ⚂
\blackpawn ♟ \epsdice{4} ⚃
\blackqueen ♛ \epsdice{5} ⚄
\blackrook ♜ \epsdice{6} ⚅
\whitebishop ♗ \clubsuit ♣
\whiteking ♔ \heartsuit ♡
\whiteknight ♘ \spadesuit ♠
\whitepawn ♙ \diamondsuit ♢
\whitequeen ♕
\whiterook ♖
The following notation can be added to a LaTeX distribution by installing this package.
\cmdkey ⌘ \tabkey ⇥
\optkey ⌥ \revtabkey ⇤
\shiftkey ⇧ \esckey ⎋
\delkey ⌫ \returnkey ⏎
\capslockkey ⇪ \enterkey ⌤
\ejectkey ⏏ \rightdelkey ⌦
$ curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clarkgrubb/latex-input/master/latex.cin \
> ~/Library/Input\ Methods/latex.cin
In
System Preferences | Keyboard | Input Sources
you should see a new input source called LaTeX. An input source
is what Mac OS X calls an input method. If you check the box next
to LaTeX and if you make sure that Show Input menu in menu bar is
checked, then you can use the menu bar to set or unset LaTeX as the
input source.
When you type LaTeX notation it will be underlined. When the notation
is finished, type SPACE to render it or RETURN to use it without rendering
it. SPACE and RETURN are special when used in this manner and don't insert
a space or a newline in the document. If you want a space or newline you
must press SPACE or RETURN again.
The Mac LaTeX input source is case insensitive. In LaTeX, \Delta is used
for Δ and \delta is used for δ, but the Mac LaTeX input source will nevertheless
insist that you disambiguate. It does this with a pop-up window. Use the arrow
keys to select the correct symbol and press RETURN.
To set a Mac OS X keyboard shortcut for switching input source, go to:
System Preferences | Keyboard | Shortcuts | Input Sources
Download latex.exe and install it in your Startup folder. Open the Startup folder in File Explorer by pressing Cmd+R and entering shell:startup. The input method will run the next time you log in. You can also start it by double-clicking it in File Explorer.
If you have AutoHotkey installed, you can download and install latex.ahk instead.
The input method starts in an inactivate state. Use Ctrl+Alt+L to toggle between active and inactive.
When the input method is active, type LaTeX notation followed by a SPACE to render a symbol.
Note: Emacs already comes with an input method called TeX.
Download the Emacs Lisp file to a place in your Emacs library path:
$ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clarkgrubb/latex-input/master/latex.el
You can load latex.el manually at any time with the command
M-x load-file RET /PATH/TO/latex.el
To load latex.el automatically when Emacs starts up, you need to put something
like this in your startup file, i.e. ~/.emacs, ~/.emacs.el, or ~/.emacs.d/init.el:
(setq emacs-dir (file-name-directory
(or (buffer-file-name) load-file-name)))
(add-to-list 'load-path emacs-dir)
(require 'latex)
Note that the above code assumes that latex.el is in the same directory
as your startup file. Modify to suit your needs.
To turn on the LaTeX input method use
C-x RET C-\ latex
If you don't use other input methods it is sufficient to use
C-\ latex
To get a listing of the supported LaTeX notation, type:
C-h I
For the most part the Emacs input method works the same as Mac OS X input source. There are a few differences:
- When you type something that obviously isn't LaTeX notation because it doesn't
start with a backslash, Emacs doesn't underline it or make you accept it without
rendering it by typing
RETURN. - The Emacs input method is case sensitive, so if you type
\Deltaor\deltayou will getΔorδwithout any need to disambiguate. - If you want to type some LaTeX notation without rendering it, type any key but
SPACEwhen you are done. The key that you press will be entered into the document. That means that if wanted the next character to be aSPACEyou must delete the character you typed and then type aSPACE. - The Emacs input method will show all possible completions for partially typed
notation in a separate buffer if you type
TAB.
In my experience Emacs uses a somewhat impoverished font, and as a result it doesn't always render the symbol, even though the Unicode character was inserted into the document.
Note: Ubuntu already comes with a package called ibus-latex-table.
The following procedure works on Ubuntu 12.04.
Install the necessary packages:
$ sudo apt-get install im-config ibus-table
This command launches a pop-up window to choose the input method configuration. Choose ibus:
$ im-config
The above command should also create the file .xinputrc if it does not exist and add this line:
run_im ibus
Then install the input method
$ sudo ./ibus-install.sh
If you want to install both the ibus-latex-table input method and the input method provided
by this repository, you must give it a name other than the default latex. Do something like this instead:
$ sudo ./ibus-install.sh latex2
Log out of X Windows and log back in. There should be a keyboard symbol in the menu bar. Click on the symbol and select Preferences. Under the Input Methods tab, select the Customize active input methods checkbox. Then in the Select an input method drop down, select Other. Find the latex input method and add it.
There should be an iBus icon in the menu bar which changes depending upon the input method that is in effect. When no input method is in effect, the icon is a keyboard. The input method can be changed by clicking the icon and selecting from the drop down. The input method is set per application.
When the latex input method is in effect, one types LaTeX notation, following by SPACE to render or RETURN to accept the LaTeX notation literally.
The programming language APL uses 85 non-ASCII Unicode characters. This repository provides input methods for entering them using an ASCII keyboard. The input notation starts with an ampersand @ followed by a name used in the APL community for the symbol.
Since LaTeX input notation usually starts with a backslash and never with an ampersand, it is disjoint from the APL input notation. Hence we are able to provide a single input method for both.