iVishalr / bitcoin

From-scratch zero-dependency implementation of Bitcoin for educational purposes, including all of the under the hood crypto primitives such as SHA-256 and elliptic curves over finite fields math.

Bitcoin

From scratch zero-dependency implementation of Bitcoin for educational purposes, including all of the under the hood crypto primitives such as SHA-256 and elliptic curves over finite fields math.

This repository provides a from scratch implementation of Bitcoin, more specifically the Bitcoin protocol. In this project, we build all the cypto primitive functions required for implementing the protocol. Primitive functions include SHA 256, Ripemd-160, Elliptical Cryptographic Curves.

After building all the necessary functions, we will create two unique wallet addresses using our own secret keys and execute a real transaction on the bitcoin test network.

Generating Wallet Addresses

In this section we will see the procedure to generate a real bitcoin wallet address.

First up, we will initialize our elliptical curve parameters with the following values

BigInteger p = new BigInteger("FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC2F", 16);
BigInteger a = new BigInteger("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000", 16);
BigInteger b = new BigInteger("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007", 16);
BigInteger x = new BigInteger("79BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798", 16);
BigInteger y = new BigInteger("483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8", 16);
BigInteger n = new BigInteger("FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141", 16);

These values are standard values that the bitcoin protocol uses to generate a new wallet address.

Now we will create Curve and Point classes. Curve class bascially initializes our ECC curve with the parameters a, b, and p. The point class defines the seed point on this ECC curve. All bitcoin wallet addresses start with this point.

Curve bitcoinCurve = new Curve(p,a,b);
Point G = new Point(bitcoinCurve,x,y);

Our next step is to obtain a secret key from the user. The secret key will be used kind of like a password for generating the wallet address. The secret key will first be converted to integers. This integer will then be multiplied with the seed point G we defined above. This operation results in adding G to itself secret_key number of times. The addition operation will be performed on the ECC curve and the result of the addition process is a new point on the curve with coordinates (x,y)

For simplicity, we will assume the secret_key to be 2.

int secret_key = 2;
Point pk = G.add(G);

If secret_key is 3 then,

int secret_key = 3;
Point pk = G.add(G).add(G);

However this process becomes tedious when the secret_key is a very large value (which is usually the case in most real world secret keys). Hence to make this process easier, we will use additional algorithms that will make the process much faster.

BigInteger secret_key = new BigInteger("1234567890");
Point pk = G.multiply(secret_key);

Note that any point obtained after multiplying the seed point with the secret key must lie on the curve defined by us. Otherwise this point cannot be used for generating wallet addresses.

To verify if our new point lies on the curve,

System.out.println("Secret Key : "+secret_key);
System.out.println("Public Key : \nx : "+pk.x+"\ny : "+pk.y);
System.out.println("Public Key generated is on curve : \033[92m" + pk.verify_on_curve()+"\033[0m");

> Secret Key : 1234567890
  Public Key :
  x : 19635924277356798752105674083697999930996555344818160161847497917044432760610
  y : 21218882238660449272792211265489841951893738252848232230063147580786068364204
  Generated Point is on curve : true

Now lets generate a real bitcoin address by providing the secret key manually,

String secret_key_string = "This is the bitcoin address of the first wallet.";
BigInteger secret_key = new BigInteger(toHex(secret_key_string), 16);

Printing the secret_key will result in the following output

> 12991558534057774220956985186119368258644532210348760637115131129936353298097675813900069943909894649963898250556462

Generating our wallet address and verifying if on curve.

Point pk = G.multiply(secret_key);
System.out.println("Secret Key : "+secret_key_string);
System.out.println("Public Key : \nx : "+pk.x+"\ny : "+pk.y);
System.out.println("Public Key generated is on curve : \033[92m" + pk.verify_on_curve()+"\033[0m");

> Secret Key : This is the bitcoin address of the first wallet.
  Public Key :
  x : 29923686304727414546372867934731867300885153587267117101239909099742076575844
  y : 55225955892413022444173037737626668999635271360017664979805373003105507264653
  Public Key generated is on curve : true

String wallet_address = PublicKey.toPublicKey(pk).address("test", true);
System.out.println("\nBitcoin addr : "+wallet_address);
System.out.println("Wallet Link : https://www.blockchain.com/btc-testnet/address/"+wallet_address);

> Bitcoin addr : mtuaNikUc84ASfDF4Xn7CBqVEF5Ufa4U3U
  Wallet Link : https://www.blockchain.com/btc-testnet/address/mtuaNikUc84ASfDF4Xn7CBqVEF5Ufa4U3U

We now have successfully generated our wallet address and the wallet is accessible in the link provided above. At the time of writing this, the wallet is completely clean. You may not find the same wallet to be clean in future as we will execute a transaction using this wallet.

Similarly, we will generate our second wallet address required for the transaction.

String secret_key_string2 = "This is the bitcoin address of the second wallet.";
BigInteger secret_key2 = new BigInteger(toHex(secret_key_string2), 16);
Point pk2 = G.multiply(secret_key2);
String wallet_address2 = PublicKey.toPublicKey(pk2).address("test", true);
System.out.println("\nBitcoin addr : "+wallet_address2);
System.out.println("Wallet Link : https://www.blockchain.com/btc-testnet/address/"+wallet_address2);

> Bitcoin addr : mtPUdKsCLdtfknqpmS1PKzYVXg2XHPXfMA
  Wallet Link : https://www.blockchain.com/btc-testnet/address/mtPUdKsCLdtfknqpmS1PKzYVXg2XHPXfMA

Wallet Addresses

Wallet 1 Address : mtuaNikUc84ASfDF4Xn7CBqVEF5Ufa4U3U
Wallet 2 Address : mtPUdKsCLdtfknqpmS1PKzYVXg2XHPXfMA

Now it's time to deposit some bitcoins in our wallet. Normally this would mean logging into a Crypto brokerage and depositing some money and then buying bitcoins from that. That only works on the main network. Since we are using a testnet, we need to ask bitcoin faucets to fund some bitcoins to our wallet. There are many bitcoin faucets available. In this I will be using the following bitcoin faucet.

In the bitcoin faucet website please type in the wallet 1 address. This will transfer some 'x' amounts of bitcoin to your first wallet. Here I am transferring 0.0001 BTC to Wallet 1.

 

Now visiting our wallet 1's link, we can see that we have successfully received the bitcoins from the testnet faucet. Please wait until the transaction gets confirmed by the blockchain. This usually takes 2 - 15 minutes depending on when you are executing the transaction.

 

Now we are ready to craft our very own bitcoin transaction where we will be sending some amount of money from Wallet 1 to Wallet 2 on the bitcoin testnet.

Before we proceed, please visit your wallet 1 and make note of the latest transaction's hash. (Make sure you click the copy button to copy the complete hash.)

 

We will need that hash string when we are creating our transaction. Basically, for a transaction to execute properly, we need to provide a proof for the source of funds in a wallet. And the hash we just copied does exactly that. It specifies the amount of money transfered from which source wallet to which destination wallet.

In this tutorial, the previous transaction hash is given below.

> ef329290a0921834cae0789c6c265f920d4c68f1dd87132dc36448042d1901a5

Now we begin crafting our transaction.

Begin by creating the transaction in TxIn script.

// paste previous transaction hash here.
BigInteger transaction_id = new BigInteger("ef329290a0921834cae0789c6c265f920d4c68f1dd87132dc36448042d1901a5", 16);
TxIn tx_in = new TxIn(transaction_id.toByteArray(), 1, null, "test");

Now we encode our wallet2's address

byte[] out1_pkb_hash = PublicKey.toPublicKey(pk2).encode(true, true);
ArrayList<Object> t = new ArrayList<Object>();
ArrayList<ArrayList<Object>> temp = new  ArrayList<ArrayList<Object>>();
t.add(118);
temp.add(t);
t = new ArrayList<Object>();
t.add(169);
temp.add(t);
t = new ArrayList<Object>();
for(byte by : out1_pkb_hash){
    t.add((byte)by);
}
temp.add(t);
t = new ArrayList<Object>();
t.add(136);
temp.add(t);
t = new ArrayList<Object>();
t.add(172);
temp.add(t);

Script out1_script = new Script(temp);
System.out.println("out1_script : "+bytesToHex(out1_script.encode()));

> out1_script : 1976a9148d2fa0aaafa219ec9e24264fc3221dcc18b917b488ac

Encoding our first wallet and creating the script.

byte[] out2_pkb_hash = PublicKey.toPublicKey(pk).encode(true, true);
ArrayList<Object> t2 = new ArrayList<Object>();
ArrayList<ArrayList<Object>> temp2 = new  ArrayList<ArrayList<Object>>();
t2.add(118);
temp2.add(t2);
t2 = new ArrayList<Object>();
t2.add(169);
temp2.add(t2);
t2 = new ArrayList<Object>();
for(byte by : out2_pkb_hash){
    t2.add((byte)by);
}
temp2.add(t2);
t2 = new ArrayList<Object>();
t2.add(136);
temp2.add(t2);
t2 = new ArrayList<Object>();
t2.add(172);
temp2.add(t2);
Script out2_script = new Script(temp2);
System.out.println("out2_script : "+bytesToHex(out2_script.encode()));

> out2_script : 1976a91492e0e7a0e502903d8e696b8ee9bf2febbb05626688ac

Using the above scripts, we will create TxOut Scripts. Here we will specify the the amount of money to send to the second wallet. The amount here is entered as satoshi (1 BTC = 1e8 satoshis). Here we are transferring 100 satoshis to our second wallet. There is a second part to this. One amount is sent to the second wallet and we need to resend the same amount back to ourselves. However here we also need to take into account of the miner fee. This fee is called the gas fees which will be collected by the miner to insert our block of transaction onto the blockchain. The fee to the miner must be set according to the market rate. Here for demonstrations, we will keep the fee as 30 satoshis. Hence we will send back 70 satoshis to our source wallet.

TxOut tx_out1 = new TxOut(100, out1_script); // enter amount to send here.
TxOut tx_out2 = new TxOut(70, out2_script); // enter amount - gas fee here.

ArrayList<TxOut> out_scripts = new ArrayList<TxOut>();
out_scripts.add(tx_out1);
out_scripts.add(tx_out2);

ArrayList<TxIn> tx_in_scripts = new ArrayList<TxIn>();
tx_in_scripts.add(tx_in);

Encapsulating the TxIn and TxOut scripts in a Tx (Transaction Class).

Tx tx = new Tx(1, tx_in_scripts, out_scripts);
ArrayList<Object> t3 = new ArrayList<Object>();
ArrayList<ArrayList<Object>> temp3 = new  ArrayList<ArrayList<Object>>();
t3.add(118);
temp3.add(t3);
t3 = new ArrayList<Object>();
t3.add(169);
temp3.add(t3);
t3 = new ArrayList<Object>();
for(byte by : out2_pkb_hash){
    t3.add((byte)by);
}
temp3.add(t3);
t3 = new ArrayList<Object>();
t3.add(136);
temp3.add(t3);
t3 = new ArrayList<Object>();
t3.add(172);
temp3.add(t3);

Script source_script = new Script(temp3);
tx_in.setPrevScript(source_script);

Displaying our Transaction message

byte[] message = tx.encode(0);
System.out.println("\nmessage : "+bytesToHex(message));

> message : 0100000001a501192d044864c32d1387ddf1684c0d925f266c9c78e0ca341892a0909232ef010000001976a91492e0e7a0e502903d8e696b8ee9bf2febbb05626688acffffffff0264000000000000001976a9148d2fa0aaafa219ec9e24264fc3221dcc18b917b488ac46000000000000001976a91492e0e7a0e502903d8e696b8ee9bf2febbb05626688ac0000000001000000

We are still not done. We have just encoded our transaction script. For this to be accepted by blockchain, we need to digitally sign this using our secret_key of our first wallet (important!). This is because we are sending money from wallet 1 to wallet 2. If we send money other way, we need to just swap it with secret_key2.

Signature sig = new Signature();
sig = sig.sign(secret_key, message);
System.out.println("\nSignature : \n" + sig);

> Signature :
r: 89565891926547004231252920425935692360644145829622209833684329913297188986597 s: 21014402145590674004050343037082224195543335789714313265099166768005020514658

Attaching this signature to our scripts

byte[] sig_bytes = sig.encode();
byte [] sig_bytes_and_type = new byte[sig_bytes.length+1];
int i = 0;
for(i = 0; i<sig_bytes.length; i++){
  sig_bytes_and_type[i] = sig_bytes[i];
}
sig_bytes_and_type[i] = (byte)0x01;

byte[] pubkey_bytes = PublicKey.toPublicKey(pk).encode(true, false);

ArrayList<ArrayList<Object>> par = new ArrayList<ArrayList<Object>>();
t3 = new ArrayList<Object>();
for(byte sbt : sig_bytes_and_type){
  t3.add(sbt);
}
par.add(t3);
t3 = new ArrayList<Object>();
for(byte sbt : pubkey_bytes){
  t3.add(sbt);
}
par.add(t3);

Script script_sig = new Script(par);
tx_in.setScript(script_sig);

That's it. We have finally setup everything needed to execute our transaction. We just have to display our transaction hash and execute it on the blockchain.

System.out.println(bytesToHex(tx.encode(-1)));

> 0100000001a501192d044864c32d1387ddf1684c0d925f266c9c78e0ca341892a0909232ef010000006b483045022100c6047f9441ed7d6d3045406e95c07cd85c778e4b8cef3ca7abac09b95c709ee502202e75bae8ea18a810bf59ea02d94d1787d48cd2ca26c338d0b2d4a7d14b71f962012103422834cced67633c3164a5e9b1db6beeb00fb0bd231ba5ac9e7a8bbb805ba064ffffffff0264000000000000001976a9148d2fa0aaafa219ec9e24264fc3221dcc18b917b488ac46000000000000001976a91492e0e7a0e502903d8e696b8ee9bf2febbb05626688ac00000000

Displaying the expected transaction ID once the transaction gets executed on the blockchain.

System.out.println("ID : "+tx.id());

> ID : aa47b32d15e4287b71bd61c312b2ebf93254d4bf5c2dbfff5911c948ccee0d19

Now take the big transaction hash generated above and upload here to broadcast the transaction in the testnet.

Build

Install maven on your systems.

On macOS, if you have brew installed please type the following command in terminal

brew install maven

Go into project directory and type the following command to build the project

mvn package

Run the Code

To execute the bitcoin code, execute the following command in terminal

java -jar target/bitcoin-0.1.0.jar

Acknowledgement

Special thanks to T Vijay Prashant and Yashas KS for helping complete this project.