Rsync time backup

This tool is completely rewritten. The original script can be found on laurent22/rsync-time-backup.

This script offers Time Machine-style backup using rsync. It creates incremental backups of files and directories to the destination of your choice. The backups are structured in a way that makes it easy to recover any file at any point in time.

It works on Linux, macOS, and Windows (via WSL or Cygwin). The main advantage over Time Machine is the flexibility as it can backup from/to any filesystem and works on any platform. You can also backup, for example, to a Truecrypt drive without any problem.

On macOS, it has a few disadvantages compared to Time Machine - in particular, it does not auto-start when the backup drive is plugged (though it can be achieved using a launch agent), it requires some knowledge of the command line, and no specific GUI is provided to restore files. Instead, files can be restored by using any file explorer, including Finder, or the command line.

Installation

git clone https://github.com/husixu1/rsync-time-backup

Usage

USAGE
    rsync-tmbackup.sh [OPTION]... [--] \
        [[USER@]HOST:]<SOURCE> [[USER@]HOST:]<DESTINATION> [exclude-pattern-file]

OPTIONS
    -p <PORT>, --port <PORT>
        SSH port.

    -h, --help, -?
        Display this help message.

    -i <RSA_KEY>, --id-rsa <RSA_KEY>
        Specify the private ssh key to use.

    -rgf, --rsync-get-flags
        Display the default rsync flags that are used for backup. If using
        remote drive over SSH, --compress will be added.

    -rsf, --rsync-set-flags
        Set the rsync flags that are going to be used for backup.

    -raf, --rsync-append-flags
        Append the rsync flags that are going to be used for backup.

    -prsh, --pre-sync-hook
        Command to execute on the source host just before syncing. Note that if
        the source host is a remote host, the command will be executed remotely.
        If this hook fails, syncing will not start. Retention policy will be
        executed regardles.

    -posh, --post-sync-hook
        Command to execute on the source host after syncing. Note that if the
        source host is a remote host, the command will be executed remotely.
        If syncing fails, this hook will not be executed.

    -ld, --log-dir <DIR> (Default: $HOME/.cache/rsync-tmbackup)
        Set the log file directory. If this flag is set, generated files
        will not be managed by the script - in particular they will not be
        automatically deleted.

    -r, --retention "<M1:N1> <M2:N2> ..." (Default: 1:7 7:8 30:12 365:999999)
        Retention policy (overrides --strategy). Keeps the most recent Ni
        copies of per-Mi-days backup. The default means that keep 7 copies of
        most recent daily backup, keep 8 copies of most recent weekly backup,
        keep 12 copies of recent monthly backup and keep infinite yearly
        backups. Infinite sub-day backups are also kept, but they are subject
        to removal by the retention policy after one day of their creation.
        Mi and Ni must be positive integers. The option value must be quoted.

    -s, --strategy "<X1:Y1> <X2:Y2> ..." (Default: 1:1 30:7 365:30)
        Use old retention policy. Keeps backup every Yi days before Xi
        days ago. The default means before one day ago, keep one backup per
        day. Before 30 days ago, keep one backup every 7 days. Before 365 days
        ago, keep one backup every 30 days. This option is kept to maintain
        compatibility with the original script. The option value must be
        quoted. See https://github.com/laurent22/rsync-time-backup

    -nae, --no-auto-expire
        Disable automatically deleting backups when out of space. Instead an
        error is logged, and the backup is aborted.

    -sco, --suppress-cd-output
        Suppress the output of the annoying cd..t...... (dir creation) changes.
        Useful for showing only critical changes.

What's new

Naming
- Renamed rsync_tmbackup.sh to rsync-tmbackup.sh.

New features

Wrapper scheduling script to configure multiple backups plans in one place.
New intuitive retention policy.
Pre/post backup hooks.
Less external dependencies
- coreutils, and rsync are still needed.
- ssh is needed for executing commands remotely.
- Completely eliminated dependency on find, grep, sed (non-coreutils).
Less limitations
- Allow arbitrary source/destination folder names.
- Allow abbreviated ssh source/destination (server:path instead of user@server:path).
- Allow arbitrary ssh login shell such as fish, which will always execute commands in bash.
- Will verify directory name before purging (must be a valid date-time).
Modern and robust bash:
- Namespaced all functions and eliminated all global variables. Now it can be sourced as a bash library without possible naming conflict or variable pollution.
- Eliminated most unsafe evals. Only one safe eval remains in rbkp.__run().
Tests with bash_unit (see tests).
- Writing tests can be tedious, but it helps incremental development.
- Coverage support through bashcov (although not very precise), and CI with GitHub Actions.

New limitations

Requires bash>=5.0 (to support features like @Q, @a, ...).

Details

Features summary

The following features are kept backward-compatible.

Each backup is in its own folder named after the current timestamp. Files can be copied and restored directly, without any intermediate tool.

Backup to/from remote destinations over SSH.

Files that haven't changed from one backup to the next are hard-linked to the previous backup so take very little extra space.

Safety check - the backup will only happen if the destination has explicitly been marked as a backup destination.

Resume feature - if a backup has failed or was interrupted, the tool will resume from there on the next backup.

Exclude file - support for pattern-based exclusion via the --exclude-from rsync parameter.

"latest" symlink that points to the latest successful backup.

The following feature is overridden by a new one (see retention policy).

Automatically purge old backups - within 24 hours, all backups are kept. Within one month, the most recent backup for each day is kept. For all previous backups, the most recent of each month is kept.

Examples

Backup the home folder to backup_drive

rsync-tmbackup.sh /home /mnt/backup_drive

Backup with exclusion list:

rsync-tmbackup.sh /home /mnt/backup_drive excluded_patterns.txt

Backup to remote drive over SSH, on port 2222:

rsync-tmbackup.sh -p 2222 /home user@example.com:/mnt/backup_drive

Backup from remote drive over SSH:

rsync-tmbackup.sh user@example.com:/home /mnt/backup_drive

It is recommended to use systemd-timer with the rsync-tmsched.sh wrapper. See rsync-tmsched-conf-example.sh for a config file example.

/etc/systemd/system/rsync-backup.service

[Unit]
Description=One-shot rsync backup

[Service]
Type=oneshot
User=root
ExecStart=/<path-to-rsync-tmsched.sh> -c "/<path-to-rsync-tmsched-config.sh>"

/etc/systemd/system/rsync-backup.timer

[Unit]
Description=Runs rsync backup every night

[Timer]
OnCalendar=*-*-* 01:00:00
Persistent=true

[Install]
WantedBy=timers.target

The following example is not tested, but it should work.

To mimic Time Machine's behaviour, a cron script can be setup to backup at regular interval. For example, the following cron job checks if the drive "/mnt/backup" is currently connected and, if it is, starts the backup. It does this check every 1 hour.
0 */1 * * * if grep -qs /mnt/backup /proc/mounts; then rsync-tmbackup.sh /home /mnt/backup; fi

Retention policy

New retention policy

Backups are automatically deleted following a retention policy defined by --retention. This strategy is a series of M:N pairs, which means "keep the most recent N copies of per-M-day backup.". The default strategy is 1:7 7:8 30:12 365:999999, which means:

Keep 7 daily backups.
Keep 8 weekly backups.
Keep 12 monthly backups (imprecise. month can have 28~31 days).
Keep infinite yearly backups.

Using the default policy, around 28 backups will be kept in a 3-year span. See test-retention-policy.sh for deatils.

Backup expiration logic

The following is the old retention policy. This function is kept for backward compatibility. Using the default --strategy, around 96 backups will be kept in a 3-year span. See test-retention-policy.sh for deatils.

Backup sets are automatically deleted following a simple expiration strategy defined with the --strategy flag. This strategy is a series of time intervals with each item being defined as x:y, which means "after x days, keep one backup every y days". The default strategy is 1:1 30:7 365:30, which means:

After 1 day, keep one backup every 1 day (1:1).

After 30 days, keep one backup every 7 days (30:7).

After 365 days, keep one backup every 30 days (365:30).

Before the first interval (i.e. by default within the first 24h) it is implied that all backup sets are kept. Additionally, if the backup destination directory is full, the oldest backups are deleted until enough space is available.

Other features

Pre/post-sync hook

Pre/post hook can be used to execute commands on the source host before/after backup. For example, to dump MySQL database before backup:

rsync-tmbackup.sh --pre-sync-hook "mysqldump -u root -p123456 db_name > /var/lib/sql-bakup.sql" \
    server:/  /mnt/backup_drive

If the source is a remote host, the command will be executed remotely.

All other old features are kept.

Exclusion file

An optional exclude file can be provided as a third parameter. It should be compatible with the --exclude-from parameter of rsync. See this tutorial for more information.

Built-in lock

The script is designed so that only one backup operation can be active for a given directory. If a new backup operation is started while another is still active (i.e. it has not finished yet), the new one will be automatically interrupted. Thanks to this the use of flock to run the script is not necessary.

Rsync options

To display the rsync options that are used for backup, run ./rsync-tmbackup.sh --rsync-get-flags. It is also possible to add or remove options using the --rsync-append-flags or --rsync-set-flags option. For example, to exclude backing up permissions and groups:
rsync-tmbackup --rsync-append-flags "--no-perms --no-group" /src /dest
No automatic backup expiration

An option to disable the default behaviour to purge old backups when out of space. This option is set with the --no-auto-expire flag.

How to restore

Quote:

The script creates a backup in a regular directory so you can simply copy the files back to the original directory. You could do that with something like rsync -aP /path/to/last/backup/ /path/to/restore/to/. Consider using the --dry-run option to check what exactly is going to be copied. Use --delete if you also want to delete files that exist in the destination but not in the backup (obviously extra care must be taken when using this option).

Misc

These are the extensions built on top of laurent22/rsync-time-backup. They are not tested on the new rsync-tmbackup.sh.

Extensions

rtb-wrapper: Allows creating backup profiles in config files. Handles both backup and restore operations.

time-travel: Smooth integration into OSX Notification Center

LICENSE

MIT. See LICENSE.

husixu1 / rsync-time-backup