For this configuration you can use web server you like, i decided, because i work mostly with it to use nginx.
Generally, properly configured nginx can handle up to 400K to 500K requests per second (clustered), most what i saw is 50K to 80K (non-clustered) requests per second and 30% CPU load, course, this was 2 x Intel Xeon
with HyperThreading enabled, but it can work without problem on slower machines.
You must understand that this config is used in testing environment and not in production so you will need to find a way to implement most of those features best possible for your servers.
First, you will need to install nginx
yum install nginx
apt install nginx
Backup your original configs and you can start reconfigure your configs. You will need to open your nginx.conf
at /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
with your favorite editor.
# you must set worker processes based on your CPU cores, nginx does not benefit from setting more than that
worker_processes auto; #some last versions calculate it automatically
# number of file descriptors used for nginx
# the limit for the maximum FDs on the server is usually set by the OS.
# if you don't set FD's then OS settings will be used which is by default 2000
worker_rlimit_nofile 100000;
# only log critical errors
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log crit;
# provides the configuration file context in which the directives that affect connection processing are specified.
events {
# determines how much clients will be served per worker
# max clients = worker_connections * worker_processes
# max clients is also limited by the number of socket connections available on the system (~64k)
worker_connections 4000;
# optimized to serve many clients with each thread, essential for linux -- for testing environment
use epoll;
# accept as many connections as possible, may flood worker connections if set too low -- for testing environment
multi_accept on;
}
http {
# cache informations about FDs, frequently accessed files
# can boost performance, but you need to test those values
open_file_cache max=200000 inactive=20s;
open_file_cache_valid 30s;
open_file_cache_min_uses 2;
open_file_cache_errors on;
# to boost I/O on HDD we can disable access logs
access_log off;
# copies data between one FD and other from within the kernel
# faster than read() + write()
sendfile on;
# send headers in one piece, it is better than sending them one by one
tcp_nopush on;
# don't buffer data sent, good for small data bursts in real time
tcp_nodelay on;
# reduce the data that needs to be sent over network -- for testing environment
gzip on;
# gzip_static on;
gzip_min_length 10240;
gzip_comp_level 1;
gzip_vary on;
gzip_disable msie6;
gzip_proxied expired no-cache no-store private auth;
gzip_types
# text/html is always compressed by HttpGzipModule
text/css
text/javascript
text/xml
text/plain
text/x-component
application/javascript
application/x-javascript
application/json
application/xml
application/rss+xml
application/atom+xml
font/truetype
font/opentype
application/vnd.ms-fontobject
image/svg+xml;
# allow the server to close connection on non responding client, this will free up memory
reset_timedout_connection on;
# request timed out -- default 60
client_body_timeout 10;
# if client stop responding, free up memory -- default 60
send_timeout 2;
# server will close connection after this time -- default 75
keepalive_timeout 30;
# number of requests client can make over keep-alive -- for testing environment
keepalive_requests 100000;
}
Now you can save config and run bottom command
nginx -s reload
/etc/init.d/nginx start|restart
If you wish to test config first you can run
nginx -t
/etc/init.d/nginx configtest
server_tokens off;
This is far away from secure DDoS defense but can slow down some small DDoS. Those configs are also in test environment and you should do your values.
# limit the number of connections per single IP
limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=conn_limit_per_ip:10m;
# limit the number of requests for a given session
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=req_limit_per_ip:10m rate=5r/s;
# zone which we want to limit by upper values, we want limit whole server
server {
limit_conn conn_limit_per_ip 10;
limit_req zone=req_limit_per_ip burst=10 nodelay;
}
# if the request body size is more than the buffer size, then the entire (or partial)
# request body is written into a temporary file
client_body_buffer_size 128k;
# buffer size for reading client request header -- for testing environment
client_header_buffer_size 3m;
# maximum number and size of buffers for large headers to read from client request
large_client_header_buffers 4 256k;
# read timeout for the request body from client -- for testing environment
client_body_timeout 3m;
# how long to wait for the client to send a request header -- for testing environment
client_header_timeout 3m;
Now you can do again test config
nginx -t # /etc/init.d/nginx configtest
And then reload or restart your nginx
nginx -s reload
/etc/init.d/nginx reload|restart
You can test this configuration with tsung
and when you are satisfied with result you can hit Ctrl+C
because it can run for hours.
Two ways to raise the nofile/max open files/file descriptors/file handles limit for NGINX in RHEL/CentOS 7+. With NGINX running, checking current limit on master process
$ cat /proc/$(cat /var/run/nginx.pid)/limits | grep open.files
Max open files 1024 4096 files
ps --ppid $(cat /var/run/nginx.pid) -o %p|sed '1d'|xargs -I{} cat /proc/{}/limits|grep open.files
Max open files 1024 4096 files
Max open files 1024 4096 files
Trying with the worker_rlimit_nofile
directive in {,/usr/local}/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
fails as SELinux policy doesn't allow setrlimit
. This is shown in /var/log/nginx/error.log
015/07/24 12:46:40 [alert] 12066#0: setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, 2342) failed (13: Permission denied)
type=AVC msg=audit(1437731200.211:366): avc: denied { setrlimit } for pid=12066 comm="nginx" scontext=system_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0 tcontext=system_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0 tclass=process
# /etc/security/limits.conf
# /etc/default/nginx (ULIMIT)
$ nano /etc/security/limits.d/nginx.conf
nginx soft nofile 65536
nginx hard nofile 65536
$ sysctl -p
$ mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/nginx.service.d
$ nano /etc/systemd/system/nginx.service.d/nginx.conf
[Service]
LimitNOFILE=30000
$ systemctl daemon-reload
$ systemctl restart nginx.service
This will set fd limits for the worker processes. Leave the worker_rlimit_nofile
directive in {,/usr/local}/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
and run the following as root
setsebool -P httpd_setrlimit 1
By default max_ranges
is not limited.
DoS attacks can many Range-Requests (Impact on stability I/O).
Socket type | Latency (ms) | Latency stdev (ms) | CPU Load |
---|---|---|---|
Default | 15.65 | 26.59 | 0.3 |
accept_mutex off | 15.59 | 26.48 | 10 |
reuseport | 12.35 | 3.15 | 0.3 |
Thread Pools in NGINX Boost Performance 9x! (Linux)
Multi-threaded sending of files is currently supported only Linux.
Without sendfile_max_chunk
limit, one fast connection may seize the worker process entirely.
map $ssl_preread_protocol $upstream {
"" ssh.example.com:22;
"TLSv1.2" new.example.com:443;
default tls.example.com:443;
}
# ssh and https on the same port
server {
listen 192.168.0.1:443;
proxy_pass $upstream;
ssl_preread on;
}
- https://github.com/trimstray/nginx-quick-reference
- https://github.com/GrrrDog/weird_proxies/wiki/nginx
- https://github.com/h5bp/server-configs-nginx
- https://github.com/leandromoreira/linux-network-performance-parameters
- https://github.com/nginx-boilerplate/nginx-boilerplate
- https://www.nginx.com/blog/thread-pools-boost-performance-9x/
- https://www.nginx.com/blog/socket-sharding-nginx-release-1-9-1/
- https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-1-13-9-http2-server-push/
- https://www.nginx.com/blog/performing-a-b-testing-nginx-plus/
- https://www.nginx.com/blog/10-tips-for-10x-application-performance/
- https://www.nginx.com/blog/http-keepalives-and-web-performance/
- https://www.nginx.com/blog/overcoming-ephemeral-port-exhaustion-nginx-plus/
- https://www.nginx.com/blog/tcp-load-balancing-udp-load-balancing-nginx-tips-tricks/
- https://www.nginx.com/blog/introducing-cicd-with-nginx-and-nginx-plus/
- https://www.nginx.com/blog/testing-the-performance-of-nginx-and-nginx-plus-web-servers/
- https://www.nginx.com/blog/smart-efficient-byte-range-caching-nginx/
- https://nginx.org/r/pcre_jit
- https://nginx.org/r/ssl_engine (
openssl engine -t
) - https://www.nginx.com/blog/mitigating-ddos-attacks-with-nginx-and-nginx-plus/
- https://www.nginx.com/blog/tuning-nginx/
- https://github.com/intel/asynch_mode_nginx
- https://openresty.org/download/agentzh-nginx-tutorials-en.html
- https://www.maxcdn.com/blog/nginx-application-performance-optimization/
- https://www.nginx.com/blog/nginx-se-linux-changes-upgrading-rhel-6-6/
- https://medium.freecodecamp.org/a8afdbfde64d
- https://medium.freecodecamp.org/secure-your-web-application-with-these-http-headers-fd66e0367628
- https://gist.github.com/CMCDragonkai/6bfade6431e9ffb7fe88
- https://gist.github.com/denji/9130d1c95e350c58bc50e4b3a9e29bf4
- https://8gwifi.org/docs/nginx-secure.jsp
- http://www.codestance.com/tutorials-archive/nginx-tuning-for-best-performance-255
- https://ospi.fi/blog/centos-7-raise-nofile-limit-for-nginx.html
- https://www.linode.com/docs/websites/nginx/configure-nginx-for-optimized-performance
- https://haydenjames.io/nginx-tuning-tips-tls-ssl-https-ttfb-latency/
- https://github.com/chr4/sslsecure.vim
- https://github.com/chr4/nginx.vim
- https://github.com/nginx/nginx/tree/master/contrib/vim
- https://github.com/1connect/nginx-config-formatter
- https://github.com/lovette/nginx-tools/tree/master/nginx-minify-conf
- https://blog.cloudflare.com/http-2-prioritization-with-nginx/
- Linux v4.13+ as no longer required FQ (
q_disc
) with BBR. - https://github.com/google/bbr/blob/master/Documentation/bbr-quick-start.md
- https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net-next.git/commit/?id=218af599fa635b107cfe10acf3249c4dfe5e4123
- systemd/systemd#9725 (comment)
- If the latest Linux kernel distribution does not have
tcp_bbr
enabled by default:
modprobe tcp_bbr && echo 'tcp_bbr' >> /etc/modules-load.d/bbr.conf
echo 'net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=bbr' >> /etc/sysctl.d/99-bbr.conf
# Recommended for production, but with Linux v4.13rc1+ can be used not only in FQ (`q_disc') in BBR mode.
echo 'net.core.default_qdisc=fq' >> /etc/sysctl.d/99-bbr.conf
sysctl --system