gsl-lite / gsl-lite

gsl-lite – A single-file header-only version of ISO C++ Guidelines Support Library (GSL) for C++98, C++11, and later

gsl-lite: Guidelines Support Library for C++98, C++11 up

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gsl-lite is an implementation of the C++ Core Guidelines Support Library originally based on Microsoft GSL.

Contents

• Example usage
• In a nutshell
• License
• Dependencies
• Installation and use
• Version semantics
• Using gsl-lite in libraries
• Configuration options
• Features
• Deprecation
• Reported to work with
• Building the tests
• Other GSL implementations
• Notes and references
• Appendix

Example usage

#include <gsl/gsl-lite.hpp>

int * use( gsl::not_null<int *> p ) 
{
    // use p knowing it's not nullptr, NULL or 0.
    return p;
}

struct Widget
{
    Widget() : owned_ptr_( new int(42) ) {}
    ~Widget() { delete owned_ptr_; }

    void work() { non_owned_ptr_ = use( owned_ptr_ ); }
    
    gsl::owner<int *> owned_ptr_;  // if alias template support
    int * non_owned_ptr_;
};

int main()
{
    Widget w;
    w.work();
}

In a nutshell

gsl-lite is a single-file header-only implementation of the C++ Core Guidelines Support Library originally based on Microsoft GSL and adapted for C++98, C++03. It also works when compiled as C++11, C++14, C++17, C++20.

The Guidelines Support Library (GSL) contains functions and types that are suggested for use by the C++ Core Guidelines maintained by the Standard C++ Foundation. The library includes types like owner<>, not_null<>, span<>, string_span and others.

gsl-lite recognizes when it is compiled for the CUDA platform and decorates some functions with __host__ and __device__. See also section API macro.

License

gsl-lite uses the MIT license.

Dependencies

gsl-lite has no other dependencies than the C++ standard library.

Installation and use

As CMake package

The recommended way to consume gsl-lite in your CMake project is to use find_package() and target_link_libraries():

cmake_minimum_required( VERSION 3.15 FATAL_ERROR )
    
find_package( gsl-lite 0.41 REQUIRED )
    
project( my-program LANGUAGES CXX )
    
add_executable( my-program main.cpp )
target_link_libraries( my-program PRIVATE gsl::gsl-lite-v1 )

There are different ways to make the gsl-lite package available to your project:

Using Vcpkg

1. For the Vcpkg package manager, simply run Vcpkg's install command:

    vcpkg install gsl-lite
   

2. Now, configure your project passing the Vcpkg toolchain file as a parameter:

    cd <my-program-source-dir>
    mkdir build
    cd build
    cmake -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=<vcpkg-root>/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake ..
    cmake --build ../build
   

Using an exported build directory

1. Clone the gsl-lite repository and configure a build directory with CMake:

    git clone [e-mail]:gsl-lite/gsl-lite.git <gsl-lite-source-dir>
    cd <gsl-lite-source-dir>
    mkdir build
    cd build
    cmake ..
   

2. Now, configure your project passing the CMake build directory as a parameter:

    cd <my-program-source-dir>
    mkdir build
    cd build
    cmake -Dgsl-lite_DIR:PATH=<gsl-lite-source-dir>/build ..
    cmake --build ../build
   

   See example/cmake-pkg/Readme.md for a complete example.

Other options

gsl-lite is a header-only library; if you do not want to use the CMake package, or if you use a different build system, all you need to do is to add the "include" subdirectory of the gsl-lite source directory to your include path:

    git clone [e-mail]:gsl-lite/gsl-lite.git <gsl-lite-source-dir>
    g++ -std=c++03 -I<gsl-lite-source-dir>/include main.cpp

gsl-lite is also a single-header library; if you want to avoid external dependencies, it suffices to copy the header file "include/gsl/gsl-lite.hpp" to a subdirectory of your project:

    git clone [e-mail]:gsl-lite/gsl-lite.git <gsl-lite-source-dir>
    mkdir -p external/include/gsl
    cp <gsl-lite-source-dir>/include/gsl/gsl-lite.hpp external/include/gsl/
    
    g++ -std=c++03 -Iexternal/include main.cpp

Version semantics

gsl-lite strives to follow Semantic Versioning guidelines. Although we are still in the "initial development" stage (version 0.*), we generally maintain API and ABI compatibility and avoid breaking changes in minor and patch releases.

Development of gsl-lite happens in the master branch. Versioning semantics apply only to tagged releases: there is no stability guarantee between individual commits in the master branch, i.e. anything added since the last tagged release may be renamed, removed, have the semantics changed, etc. without further notice.

A minor-version release will be compatible (in both ABI and API) with the previous minor-version release (with rare exceptions while we are still in version 0.*). Thus, once a change is released, it becomes part of the API.

Some of the configuration options affect the API and ABI of gsl-lite. Most configuration options exist because a change we wanted to make would have broken backward compatibility, so many recent changes and improvements are currently opt-in. The current plan is to toggle the default values of these configuration options for the next major version release.

To simplify migration to the next major version, gsl-lite 0.36 introduces the notion of versioned defaults. By setting the configuration option gsl_CONFIG_DEFAULTS_VERSION=0 or gsl_CONFIG_DEFAULTS_VERSION=1, a set of version-specific default options can be selected. Alternatively, when consuming gsl-lite as a CMake package, versioned defaults can be selected by linking to the target gsl::gsl-lite-v0 or gsl::gsl-lite-v1 rather than gsl::gsl-lite.

The following table gives an overview of the configuration options affected by versioned defaults:

Macro	v0 default	v1 default
gsl_FEATURE_OWNER_MACRO	1	0	an unprefixed macro Owner() may interfere with user code
gsl_FEATURE_GSL_LITE_NAMESPACE	0	1	cf. Using gsl-lite in libraries
gsl_CONFIG_DEPRECATE_TO_LEVEL	0	8
gsl_CONFIG_INDEX_TYPE	gsl_CONFIG_SPAN_INDEX_TYPE (defaults to std::size_t)	std::ptrdiff_t	the GSL specifies gsl::index to be a signed type, and M-GSL also uses std::ptrdiff_t
gsl_CONFIG_ALLOWS_SPAN_COMPARISON	1	0	C++20 std::span<> does not support comparison because semantics (deep vs. shallow) are unclear
gsl_CONFIG_NOT_NULL_EXPLICIT_CTOR	0	1	cf. reasoning in M-GSL/#395 (note that not_null<> in M-GSL has an implicit constructor, cf. M-GSL/#699)
gsl_CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_NOT_NULL	0	1	enables conformant behavior for not_null<>::get()
gsl_CONFIG_NARROW_THROWS_ON_TRUNCATION	0	1	enables conformant behavior for narrow<>() (cf. #52)

Note that the v1 defaults are not yet stable; future 0.* releases may introduce more configuration switches with different version-specific defaults.

Using gsl-lite in libraries

Many features of gsl-lite are very useful for defining library interfaces, e.g. spans, precondition checks, or gsl::not_null<>. As such, we encourage using gsl-lite in your libraries. However, please mind the following considerations:

• gsl-lite is an implementation of the Guidelines Support Library, which is not a library but a non-formal specification. There are other libraries implementing the GSL, most notably the Microsoft GSL (herein often referred to as "M-GSL"). Both libraries live in different headers and consist of unrelated implementations. There is considerable API compatibility between M-GSL and gsl-lite, but some differences are inevitable because the GSL specification is rather loose and informal, and because both implementations take some liberties at interpreting and extending the specification (cf. e.g. #6, #52, #153). Also, the ABIs of gsl-lite and M-GSL are generally incompatible.

• It is not clear whether the GSL specification envisions that multiple implementations of the specification should coexist (cf. CppCoreGuidelines/#1519), but because all existing implementations currently live in the same namespace gsl, using more than one GSL implementation in the same target will usually fail with compile/link errors. This is clearly an impediment for using either in a library because the library would thereby force its consumers to pick the same GSL implementation.

• The API and ABI of gsl-lite can be altered by some of the configuration options. We consider the availability of these options a strength of gsl-lite, but the lack of an option-invariant API and ABI is another burden for libraries, which may or may not depend on a particular choice of configuration settings and implicitly force these upon their users.

Our goal is to make gsl-lite suitable for use in libraries; we want to address all of these concerns in the next major version. But if you want to use gsl-lite in a library today, we recommend to

• use version-1 defaults (cf. Version semantics)
• include the new header <gsl-lite/gsl-lite.hpp> rather than <gsl/gsl-lite.hpp>
• refer to the new namespace gsl_lite instead of namespace gsl (or define a namespace gsl = ::gsl_lite; alias in your own namespace)
• use the prefixed contract checking macros gsl_Expects()/gsl_Ensures() rather than the unprefixed Expects()/Ensures()
  (M-GSL prefixes its macros with uppercase GSL_; we traditionally consider lowercase gsl_ the realm of gsl-lite)
• avoid any changes to the configuration options

Example:

# my-statistics-lib/CMakeLists.txt
find_package( gsl-lite 0.41 REQUIRED )

add_library( my-statistics-lib STATIC mean.cpp )
target_link_libraries( my-statistics-lib PUBLIC gsl::gsl-lite-v1 )

// my-statistics-lib/include/my-statistics-lib/mean.hpp

#include <gsl-lite/gsl-lite.hpp>  // instead of <gsl/gsl-lite.hpp>

namespace my_statistics_lib {

    namespace gsl = ::gsl_lite; // convenience alias

    double mean( gsl::span<double const> elements )
    {
        gsl_Expects( !elements.empty() );  // instead of Expects()
        ...
    }

} // namespace my_statistics_lib

The idea is that gsl-lite will move all its definitions to namespace gsl_lite in the next major version, and provide a namespace gsl with aliases only if the traditional header <gsl/gsl-lite.hpp> is included. This way, any code that only uses the new header <gsl-lite/gsl-lite.hpp> will not risk collision with M-GSL.

Configuration options

Contents

• API macro
• Standard selection macro
• Feature selection macros
• Contract checking configuration macros
• Microsoft GSL compatibility macros
• Other configuration macros

API macro

gsl_api

Functions in gsl-lite are decorated with gsl_api where appropriate. By default gsl_api is defined empty for non-CUDA platforms and __host__ __device__ for the CUDA platform. Define this macro to specify your own function decoration.

Standard selection macro

gsl_CPLUSPLUS

Define this macro to override the auto-detection of the supported C++ standard if your compiler does not set the __cplusplus macro correctly.

Feature selection macros

gsl_FEATURE_WITH_CONTAINER_TO_STD=99

Define this to the highest C++ standard (98, 3, 11, 14, 17, 20) you want to include tagged-construction via with_container. Default is 99 for inclusion with any standard.

gsl_FEATURE_MAKE_SPAN_TO_STD=99

Define this to the highest C++ standard (98, 3, 11, 14, 17, 20) you want to include make_span() creator functions. Default is 99 for inclusion with any standard.

gsl_FEATURE_BYTE_SPAN_TO_STD=99

Define this to the highest C++ standard (98, 3, 11, 14, 17, 20) you want to include byte_span() creator functions. Default is 99 for inclusion with any standard.

gsl_FEATURE_IMPLICIT_MACRO=0

Define this macro to 1 to provide the implicit macro. Default is 0.

gsl_FEATURE_OWNER_MACRO=1

At default macro Owner() is defined for all C++ versions. This may be useful to transition from a compiler that doesn't provide alias templates to one that does. Define this macro to 0 to omit the Owner() macro. Default is 1.

gsl_FEATURE_EXPERIMENTAL_RETURN_GUARD=0

Provide experimental types final_action_return and final_action_error and convenience functions on_return() and on_error(). Default is 0.

gsl_FEATURE_GSL_LITE_NAMESPACE=0

Define this to additionally define a namespace gsl_lite with most of the gsl-lite API available, cf. Using gsl-lite in libraries. Default is 0.

Contract checking configuration macros

gsl-lite provides contract violation response control as originally suggested in proposal N4415, with some refinements inspired by P1710/P1730.

There are several macros for expressing preconditions, postconditions, and invariants:

• gsl_FailFast() to indicate unreachable code
• gsl_Expects( cond ) for simple preconditions
• gsl_Ensures( cond ) for simple postconditions
• gsl_Assert( cond ) for simple assertions
• gsl_ExpectsDebug( cond ) for debug-mode preconditions
• gsl_EnsuresDebug( cond ) for debug-mode postconditions
• gsl_AssertDebug( cond ) for debug-mode assertions
• gsl_ExpectsAudit( cond ) for preconditions that are expensive or include potentially opaque function calls
• gsl_EnsuresAudit( cond ) for postconditions that are expensive or include potentially opaque function calls
• gsl_AssertAudit( cond ) for assertions that are expensive or include potentially opaque function calls

The macros Expects() and Ensures() are also provided as aliases for gsl_Expects() and gsl_Ensures().

The behavior of the different flavors of pre-/postcondition checks and assertions depends on a number of configuration macros:

• The macros gsl_Expects(), gsl_Ensures(), and gsl_Assert() are compiled to runtime checks unless contract checking is disabled with the gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_OFF configuration macro.

• Contract checks expressed with gsl_ExpectsAudit(), gsl_EnsuresAudit(), and gsl_AssertAudit() are discarded by default. In order to have them checked at runtime, the gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_AUDIT configuration macro must be defined.

• The macros gsl_ExpectsDebug(), gsl_EnsuresDebug(), and gsl_AssertDebug() are compiled to runtime checks unless contract checking is disabled by defining gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_OFF or assertions are disabled by defining NDEBUG. They can be used in place of the assert() macro from the C standard library. (Note that defining gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_AUDIT also enables checking of the gsl_*Debug() macros regardless of whether NDEBUG is defined.)

• The gsl_Expects*(), gsl_Ensures*(), gsl_Assert*() categories of checks can be disabled individually with the gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_EXPECTS_OFF, gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_ENSURES_OFF, or gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_ASSERT_OFF configuration macros.

• gsl_FailFast() is similar to gsl_Assert( false ) but is guaranteed to interrupt the current path of execution even if contract checking is disabled with configuration macros. It is useful in places which should not be reachable during program execution. For example:

  enum class Color : int { red, green, blue };
  std::string colorToString( Color color )
  {
      switch (color)
      {
      case Color::red:   return "red";
      case Color::green: return "green";
      case Color::blue:  return "blue";
      }
      gsl_FailFast();
  }

  The C++ language permits casting any representable integer value to an enum. Therefore, colorToString(Color(0xFF00FF)) is legal C++, but not actually supported by this colorToString() implementation. gsl_FailFast() is employed here to ensure that passing unsupported values to colorToString() will be detected at runtime.

  gsl_FailFast() behaves as if annotated by the [[noreturn]] attribute. A C++11 compiler will therefore not emit a warning about a missing return statement in colorToString().

The following macros control whether contracts are checked at runtime:

• gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_AUDIT
  Define this macro to have contracts expressed with gsl_ExpectsAudit(), gsl_EnsuresAudit(), and gsl_AssertAudit() checked at runtime.

• gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_ON (default)
  Define this macro to have contracts expressed with gsl_Expects(), gsl_Ensures(), gsl_Assert(), and gsl_FailFast() checked at runtime. This is the default.

• NDEBUG This macro traditionally disables runtime checks for the assert() macro from the C standard library. Additionally, contracts expressed with gsl_ExpectsDebug(), gsl_EnsuresDebug(), and gsl_AssertDebug() are not evaluated or checked at runtime if NDEBUG is defined and gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_AUDIT is not.

• gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_OFF
  Define this macro to disable all runtime checking of contracts and invariants.

  Note that gsl_FailFast() checks will trigger runtime failure even if runtime checking is disabled.

• If desired, the macros gsl_CONFIG_DEVICE_CONTRACT_CHECKING_AUDIT, gsl_CONFIG_DEVICE_CONTRACT_CHECKING_ON, and gsl_CONFIG_DEVICE_CONTRACT_CHECKING_OFF can be used to configure contract checking for CUDA device code separately. If neither of these macros is defined, device code uses the same configuration as host code.

  It may be reasonable to define gsl_CONFIG_DEVICE_CONTRACT_CHECKING_OFF in Release builds because the performance impact of runtime checks can be grave in device code, while it is often negligible in host code.

The following macros can be used to selectively disable checking for a particular kind of contract:

• gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_EXPECTS_OFF
  Define this macro to disable runtime checking of precondition contracts expressed with gsl_Expects(), gsl_ExpectsDebug(), and gsl_ExpectsAudit().

• gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_ENSURES_OFF
  Define this macro to disable runtime checking of postcondition contracts expressed with gsl_Ensures(), gsl_EnsuresDebug(), and gsl_EnsuresAudit().

• gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_ASSERT_OFF
  Define this macro to disable runtime checking of assertions expressed with gsl_Assert(), gsl_AssertDebug(), and gsl_AssertAudit().

The following macros control the handling of runtime contract violations:

• gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_TERMINATES (default)
  Define this macro to call std::terminate() on a contract violation. This is the default.

  Termination on contract violation is the behavior specified by the Core Guidelines for GSL contract checks.

• gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_ASSERTS
  If this macro is defined, and if the assert() macro is available for runtime checks (that is, if NDEBUG is not defined), contract checking macros are implemented in terms of assert(). If assert() is unavailable (i.e. if NDEBUG was defined), std::abort() is called directly when a contract is violated.

  This option may be preferable over gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_TERMINATES because assert() prints diagnostic information (such as the current source file, a line number, and the function name), and because vendor-specific extensions of assert() can be used (e.g. the assert() implementation of the Microsoft C runtime displays a dialog box which permits breaking into the debugger or continuing execution).

  Note that gsl_FailFast() will call std::abort() if assert() continues execution.

• gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_TRAPS
  Define this macro to execute a trap instruction on a contract violation.

  Trap instructions may yield smaller codegen and can thus result in better-performing code. However, they usually lead to catastrophic failure and may be difficult to diagnose for some platforms.

• gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_THROWS
  Define this macro to throw a std::runtime_error-derived exception gsl::fail_fast on contract violation.
  Handling contract violations with exceptions can be desirable when executing in an interactive programming environment, or if there are other reasons why process termination must be avoided.

  This macro is also useful for writing unit tests that exercise contract checks.

• gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_CALLS_HANDLER
  Define this macro to call a user-defined handler function gsl::fail_fast_assert_handler() on a contract violation. The user must provide a definition of the following function:

  namespace gsl {
      gsl_api void fail_fast_assert_handler(
          char const * expression, char const * message,
          char const * file, int line );
  }

  Note that gsl_FailFast() will call std::terminate() if fail_fast_assert_handler() returns.

• If desired, the macros gsl_CONFIG_DEVICE_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_ASSERTS, gsl_CONFIG_DEVICE_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_TRAPS, and gsl_CONFIG_DEVICE_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_CALLS_HANDLER can be used to configure contract violation handling for CUDA device code separately. If neither of these macros is defined, device code uses the following defaults:

  • gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_TERMINATES → gsl_CONFIG_DEVICE_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_ASSERTS
  • gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_ASSERTS → gsl_CONFIG_DEVICE_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_ASSERTS
  • gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_THROWS → gsl_CONFIG_DEVICE_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_ASSERTS
  • gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_TRAPS → gsl_CONFIG_DEVICE_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_TRAPS
  • gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_CALLS_HANDLER → gsl_CONFIG_DEVICE_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_CALLS_HANDLER

The following macros control what happens with individual contract checks which are not enforced at runtime. Note that these macros do not disable runtime contract checking; they only configure what happens to contracts which are not checked as a result of configuration, e.g. for any contract check if gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_OFF is defined, or for audit-level and debug-level contract checks if NDEBUG is defined.

• gsl_CONFIG_UNENFORCED_CONTRACTS_ELIDE (default)
  Contract checks disabled by configuration will be discarded. This is the default.

  Note that gsl_FailFast() calls are never discarded.

  Even for discarded contract checks, gsl-lite will by default still verify that the contract check forms a valid Boolean expression by using the C++11 features decltype() and static_assert(). This may lead to problems if the contract check expression cannot be used in an unevaluated context, for instance, when using a lambda expression in C++11/14/17.

  The compile-time verification of contract check expressions is controlled by the configuration macro gsl_CONFIG_VALIDATES_UNENFORCED_CONTRACT_EXPRESSIONS, which defaults to 1. To suppress the verification, define gsl_CONFIG_VALIDATES_UNENFORCED_CONTRACT_EXPRESSIONS=0.

• gsl_CONFIG_UNENFORCED_CONTRACTS_ASSUME
  For contracts expressed with gsl_Expects(), gsl_Ensures(), and gsl_Assert() which are not checked as a result of configuration, instruct the compiler to assume that they always hold true. This is expressed with compiler-specific intrinsics such as __assume().

  Contract checks expressed with gsl_ExpectsDebug(), gsl_EnsuresDebug(), gsl_AssertDebug() , gsl_ExpectsAudit(), gsl_EnsuresAudit(), and gsl_AssertAudit() which are not checked at runtime (due to definition of NDEBUG or one of the aforementioned configuration macros) are discarded.

  Explicitly injecting the assumption that contracts hold true implies that violating contracts causes undefined behavior. This may give the compiler more opportunities for optimization, but it is usually dangerous and, like all occurrences of undefined behavior, it can have devastating consequences.

  The use of compiler-specific "assume" intrinsics may lead to spurious runtime evaluation of contract expressions. Because gsl-lite implements contract checks with macros (rather than as a language feature as the defunct C++2a Contracts proposal did), it cannot reliably suppress runtime evaluation for all compilers. E.g., if the contract check fed to the "assume" intrinsic comprises a function call which is opaque to the compiler, many compilers will generate the runtime function call. Therefore, gsl_Expects(), gsl_Ensures(), and gsl_Assert() should be used only for conditions that can be proven side-effect-free by the compiler, and gsl_ExpectsDebug(), gsl_EnsuresDebug(), gsl_AssertDebug(), gsl_ExpectsAudit(), gsl_EnsuresAudit(), and gsl_AssertAudit() for everything else. In practice, this means that gsl_Expects(), gsl_Ensures(), and gsl_Assert() should only be used for simple comparisons of scalar values, for simple inlineable getters, and for comparisons of class objects with trivially inlineable comparison operators.

  Example:

  template< class RandomIt >
  auto median( RandomIt first, RandomIt last )
  {
          // Comparing iterators for equality boils down to a comparison of pointers. An optimizing
          // compiler will inline the comparison operator and understand that the comparison is free
          // of side-effects, and hence generate no code in `gsl_CONFIG_UNENFORCED_CONTRACTS_ASSUME` mode.
      gsl_Expects( first != last );
  
          // Verifying that a range of elements is sorted may be an expensive operation, and we
          // cannot trust the compiler to understand that it is free of side-effects, so we use an
          // audit-level contract check.
      gsl_ExpectsAudit( std::is_sorted( first, last ) );
  
      auto count = last - first;
      return count % 2 != 0
          ? first[ count / 2 ]
          : std::midpoint( first[ count / 2 ], first[ count / 2 + 1 ] );
  }

• If desired, the macros gsl_CONFIG_DEVICE_UNENFORCED_CONTRACTS_ELIDE and gsl_CONFIG_DEVICE_UNENFORCED_CONTRACTS_ASSUME can be used to configure handling of unenforced contract checks for CUDA device code separately. If neither of these macros is defined, device code uses the same configuration as host code.

Microsoft GSL compatibility macros

GSL_UNENFORCED_ON_CONTRACT_VIOLATION

Equivalent to defining gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_OFF.

GSL_TERMINATE_ON_CONTRACT_VIOLATION

Equivalent to defining gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_TERMINATES.

GSL_THROW_ON_CONTRACT_VIOLATION

Equivalent to defining gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_THROWS.

Other configuration macros

gsl_CONFIG_DEPRECATE_TO_LEVEL=0

Define this to and including the level you want deprecation; see table Deprecation below. Default is 0 for no deprecation.

gsl_CONFIG_SPAN_INDEX_TYPE=std::size_t

Define this macro to the type to use for indices in span<> and basic_string_span<>. Microsoft GSL uses std::ptrdiff_t. Default for gsl-lite is std::size_t.

gsl_CONFIG_INDEX_TYPE=gsl_CONFIG_SPAN_INDEX_TYPE

Define this macro to the type to use for gsl::index. Microsoft's GSL uses std::ptrdiff_t. Default for gsl-lite is std::size_t.

gsl_CONFIG_NOT_NULL_EXPLICIT_CTOR=0

Define this macro to 1 to make not_null<>'s constructor explicit. Default is 0. Note that in Microsoft's GSL the constructor is explicit. For implicit construction you can also use the gsl-lite-specific not_null<>-derived class not_null_ic<>.

gsl_CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_NOT_NULL=0

Define this macro to 1 to have not_null<> support typical member functions of the underlying smart pointer transparently (currently get()), while adding precondition checks. This is conformant behavior but may be incompatible with older code which expects that not_null<>::get() returns the underlying pointer itself. Default is 0.

gsl_CONFIG_NOT_NULL_GET_BY_CONST_REF=0

Define this macro to 1 to have the legacy non-transparent version of not_null<>::get() return T const & instead of T. This may improve performance with types that have an expensive copy-constructor. This macro must not be defined if gsl_CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_NOT_NULL is 1. Default is 0 for T.

gsl_CONFIG_ALLOWS_SPAN_COMPARISON=1

Define this macro to 0 to omit the ability to compare spans. C++20 std::span<> does not support comparison because semantics (deep vs. shallow) are unclear. Default is 1.

gsl_CONFIG_ALLOWS_NONSTRICT_SPAN_COMPARISON=1

Define this macro to 0 to omit the ability to compare spans of different types, e.g. of different const-volatile-ness. To be able to compare a string_span with a cstring_span, non-strict span comparison must be available. Default is 1.

gsl_CONFIG_ALLOWS_UNCONSTRAINED_SPAN_CONTAINER_CTOR=0

Define this macro to 1 to add the unconstrained span constructor for containers for pre-C++11 compilers that cannot constrain the constructor. This constructor may prove too greedy and interfere with other constructors. Default is 0.

Note: an alternative is to use the constructor tagged with_container: span<V> s(gsl::with_container, cont).

gsl_CONFIG_NARROW_THROWS_ON_TRUNCATION=0

Define this macro to 1 to have narrow<>() always throw a narrowing_error exception if the narrowing conversion loses information due to truncation. If gsl_CONFIG_NARROW_THROWS_ON_TRUNCATION is 0 and gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_VIOLATION_THROWS is not defined, narrow<>() instead calls std::terminate() on information loss. Default is 0.

gsl_CONFIG_CONFIRMS_COMPILATION_ERRORS=0

Define this macro to 1 to experience the by-design compile-time errors of the GSL components in the test suite. Default is 0.

Features

See also section GSL: Guidelines Support Library of the C++ Core Guidelines [9].

Feature / library	GSL	M-GSL	gsl-lite	Notes
1.Lifetime safety
1.1 Indirection
not_null<>	✓	✓	✓	Wrap any indirection and enforce non-null, see also Other configuration macros
not_null_ic<>	-	-	✓	not_null with implicit constructor, allowing copy-initialization
1.2 Ownership
owner<>	✓	✓	≥ C++11	Owned raw pointers
Owner()	-	-	✓	Macro for pre-C++11; see also Feature selection macros
unique_ptr<>	✓	✓	≥ C++11	std::unique_ptr<>
unique_ptr<>	-	-	< C++11	VC10, VC11
shared_ptr<>	✓	✓	≥ C++11	std::shared_ptr<>
shared_ptr<>	-	-	< C++11	VC10, VC11
stack_array<>	✓	-	-	A stack-allocated array, fixed size
dyn_array<>	?	-	-	A heap-allocated array, fixed size
2.Bounds safety
2.1 Tag Types
zstring	✓	✓	✓	a char* (C-style string)
wzstring	-	✓	✓	a wchar_t* (C-style string)
czstring	✓	✓	✓	a const char* (C-style string)
cwzstring	-	✓	✓	a const wchar_t* (C-style string)
`2.2 Views
span<>	✓	✓	1D views	A view of contiguous T's, replace (*,len), see also proposal p0122
span_p<>	✓	-	-	A view of contiguous T's that ends at the first element for which predicate(*p) is true
make_span()	-	✓	✓	Create a span
byte_span()	-	-	✓	Create a span of bytes from a single object
as_bytes()	-	✓	✓	A span as bytes
as_writable_bytes	-	✓	✓	A span as writable bytes
zstring_span	-	✓	✓	basic_zstring_span< char >
wzstring_span	-	✓	✓	basic_zstring_span< wchar_t >
czstring_span	-	✓	✓	basic_zstring_span< const char >
cwzstring_span	-	✓	✓	basic_zstring_span< const wchar_t >
ensure_z()	-	✓	✓	Create a cstring_span or cwstring_span
to_string()	-	✓	✓	Convert a string_span to std::string or std::wstring
2.3 Indexing
at()	✓	✓	≥ C++11	Bounds-checked way of accessing static arrays, std::array<>, std::vector<>
at()	-	-	< C++11	static arrays, std::vector<> std::array<> : VC11
3. Assertions
Expects()	✓	✓	✓	Precondition assertion
Ensures()	✓	✓	✓	Postcondition assertion
gsl_Expects()	-	-	✓	Precondition assertion
gsl_Ensures()	-	-	✓	Postcondition assertion
gsl_Assert()	-	-	✓	Assertion
gsl_FailFast()	-	-	✓	Fail-fast termination
gsl_ExpectsDebug()	-	-	✓	Debug-mode precondition assertion
gsl_EnsuresDebug()	-	-	✓	Debug-mode postcondition assertion
gsl_AssertDebug()	-	-	✓	Debug-mode assertion
gsl_ExpectsAudit()	-	-	✓	Audit-level precondition assertion
gsl_EnsuresAudit()	-	-	✓	Audit-level postcondition assertion
gsl_AssertAudit()	-	-	✓	Audit-level assertion
4. Utilities
index	✓	✓	✓	type for container indexes and subscripts, see Other configuration macros
dim	-	-	✓	type for container sizes
stride	-	-	✓	type for index strides
diff	-	-	✓	type for index differences
byte	-	✓	✓	byte type, see also proposal p0298
final_action<>	✓	✓	≥ C++11	Action at the end of a scope
finally()	✓	✓	≥ C++11	Make a final_action<>
on_return()	-	-	≥ C++11	Make a `final_action_return<>, experimental
on_error()	-	-	≥ C++11	Make a final_action_error<>, experimental
narrow_cast<>	✓	✓	✓	Searchable narrowing casts of values
narrow<>()	✓	✓	✓	Checked narrowing cast
narrow_failfast<>()	-	-	✓	Fail-fast narrowing cast
[[implicit]]	✓	-	C++??	Symmetric with explicit
implicit	-	-	✓	Macro, see Feature selection macros
move_owner	?	-	-	...
5. Algorithms
copy()				Copy from source span to destination span
size()				Size of span, unsigned
ssize()				Size of span, signed
6. Concepts
...

Note: gsl-lite treats VC12 (VS2013) and VC14 (VS2015) as C++11 (gsl_CPP11_OR_GREATER: 1).

Deprecation

The following features are deprecated since the indicated version. See macro gsl_CONFIG_DEPRECATE_TO_LEVEL on how to control deprecation using the indicated level.

Version	Level	Feature / Notes
0.42.0	8	finally(), on_return(), and on_error() for pre-C++11
0.41.0	7	basic_string_span<>, basic_zstring_span<> and related aliases
0.37.0	6	as_writeable_bytes(), call indexing for spans, and span::at()
		Use as_writable_bytes(), subscript indexing
0.35.0	-	gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_LEVEL_ON, gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_LEVEL_OFF, gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_LEVEL_EXPECTS_ONLY and gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_LEVEL_ENSURES_ONLY
		Use gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_ON, gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_OFF, gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_ENSURES_OFF, gsl_CONFIG_CONTRACT_CHECKING_EXPECTS_OFF
0.31.0	5	span( std::nullptr_t, index_type )
		span( pointer, index_type ) is used
0.31.0	5	span( U *, index_type size )
		span( pointer, index_type ) is used
0.31.0	5	span( U (&arr)[N] )
		span( element_type (&arr)[N] ) is used
0.31.0	5	span( std::array< U, N > [const] & arr )
		span( std::array< value_type, N > [const] & arr ) is used
0.29.0	4	span( std::shared_ptr<T> const & p )
		—
0.29.0	4	span( std::unique_ptr<T> const & p )
		—
0.29.0	3	span<>::length()
		Use span<>::size()
0.29.0	3	span<>::length_bytes()
		Use span<>::size_bytes()
0.17.0	2	member span<>::as_bytes(), span<>::as_writeable_bytes()
		—
0.7.0	-	gsl_CONFIG_ALLOWS_SPAN_CONTAINER_CTOR
		Use gsl_CONFIG_ALLOWS_UNCONSTRAINED_SPAN_CONTAINER_CTOR, or consider span(with_container, cont).

Reported to work with

The table below mentions the compiler versions and platforms gsl-lite is reported to work with.

Compiler	OS	Platforms	Versions	CI
GCC	Linux	x64	4.7 and newer	7, 8, 9, 10, 11
GCC (MinGW)	Windows	x86, x64	4.8.4 and newer
GCC (DJGPP)	DOSBox, FreeDOS	x86	7.2
GCC	MacOS	x64	6 and newer	10, 11, 12
Clang	Linux	x64	3.5 and newer	6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
Clang with libstdc++	Linux	x64	11 and newer	16
Clang	Windows	x64	version shipped with VS 2019	latest
MSVC (Visual Studio)	Windows	x86, x64	VS 2010 and newer	VS 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2022
AppleClang (Xcode)	MacOS	x64	7.3 and newer	11.0.3, 12, 12.0.5, 13, 14
NVCC (CUDA Toolkit)	Linux, Windows	x64	10.2 and newer	11.8, 12.1
ARMCC		ARM	5 and newer

Building the tests

To build the tests:

• CMake, version 3.15 or later to be installed and in your PATH.
• A suitable compiler.

The lest test framework is included in the test folder.

The following steps assume that the gsl-lite source code has been cloned into a directory named C:\gsl-lite.

1. Create a directory for the build outputs.
   Here we use C:\gsl-lite\build.

    cd C:\gsl-lite
    mkdir build
    cd build
   

2. Configure the build directory with CMake:

    cmake -DGSL_LITE_OPT_BUILD_TESTS=ON -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug ..
   

3. Build the test suite:

    cmake --build . --config Debug
   

4. Run the test suite:

    ctest -V -C Debug
   

All tests should pass, indicating your platform is supported and you are ready to use gsl-lite. See the table with supported types and functions.

Other GSL implementations

• Microsoft. Guidelines Support Library (GSL).
• Vicente J. Botet Escriba. Guidelines Support Library (GSL).

Notes and references

Proposals, specification

[1] std::span<> on cppreference.
[2] std::span<> in C++20 Working Draft.
[3] P0091 - Template argument deduction for class templates.
[4] P0122 - span: bounds-safe views for sequences of objects.
[5] P0123 - string_span: bounds-safe views for sequences of characters.
[6] P0298 - A byte type definition.
[7] P0805 - Comparing Containers.

Articles

[8] Standard C++ Foundation.
[9] Standard C++ Foundation. C++ Core Guidelines.
[10] Microsoft. Guidelines Support Library (GSL).
[11] Bjarne Stroustrup. Writing good C++14 (PDF) — Video. CppCon 2015.
[12] Herb Sutter. Writing good C++14… By default (PDF) — Video. CppCon 2015.
[13] Gabriel Dos Reis. Contracts for Dependable C++ (PDF) — Video. CppCon 2015.
[14] Bjarne Stroustrup et al. A brief introduction to C++’s model for type- and resource-safety.
[15] Herb Sutter and Neil MacIntosh. Lifetime Safety: Preventing Leaks and Dangling. 21 Sep 2015.

Compiler feature testing

[16] cppreference.com. Feature testing.

C++ features in various compilers

[17] cppreference.com. C++ compiler support.

Appendix

A.1 Compile-time information

In the test runner, the version of gsl-lite is available via tag [.version]. The following tags are available for information on the compiler and on the C++ standard library used: [.compiler], [.stdc++], [.stdlanguage] and [.stdlibrary].

A.2 gsl-lite test specification

click to expand

gsl_Expects(): Allows a true expression
gsl_Ensures(): Allows a true expression
gsl_Assert(): Allows a true expression
gsl_Expects(): Terminates on a false expression
gsl_Ensures(): Terminates on a false expression
gsl_Assert(): Terminates on a false expression
gsl_FailFast(): Suppresses compiler warning about missing return value
gsl_FailFast(): Terminates
gsl_ExpectsDebug(): Allows a true expression
gsl_EnsuresDebug(): Allows a true expression
gsl_AssertDebug(): Allows a true expression
gsl_ExpectsDebug(): Terminates on a false expression in debug build or AUDIT mode
gsl_EnsuresAudit(): Terminates on a false expression in debug build or AUDIT mode
gsl_AssertAudit(): Terminates on a false expression in debug build or AUDIT mode
gsl_ExpectsAudit(): Allows a true expression
gsl_EnsuresAudit(): Allows a true expression
gsl_AssertAudit(): Allows a true expression
gsl_ExpectsAudit(): Terminates on a false expression in AUDIT mode
gsl_EnsuresAudit(): Terminates on a false expression in AUDIT mode
gsl_AssertAudit(): Terminates on a false expression in AUDIT mode
gsl_Expects(): No warnings produced for function calls in precondition checks
gsl_Expects(): Supports explicit conversions to bool
at(): Terminates access to non-existing C-array elements
at(): Terminates access to non-existing std::array elements (C++11)
at(): Terminates access to non-existing std::vector elements
at(): Terminates access to non-existing std::initializer_list elements (C++11)
at(): Terminates access to non-existing gsl::span elements
at(): Allows to access existing C-array elements
at(): Allows to access existing std::array elements (C++11)
at(): Allows to access existing std::vector elements
at(): Allows to access std::initializer_list elements (C++11)
at(): Allows to access gsl::span elements
byte: Allows to construct from integral via static cast (C++17)
byte: Allows to construct from integral via byte() (C++17)
byte: Allows to construct from integral via to_byte()
byte: Allows to convert to integral via to_integer()
byte: Allows comparison operations
byte: Allows bitwise or operation
byte: Allows bitwise and operation
byte: Allows bitwise x-or operation
byte: Allows bitwise or assignment
byte: Allows bitwise and assignment
byte: Allows bitwise x-or assignment
byte: Allows shift-left operation
byte: Allows shift-right operation
byte: Allows shift-left assignment
byte: Allows shift-right assignment
byte: Provides constexpr non-assignment operations (C++11)
byte: Provides constexpr assignment operations (C++14)
byte: Provides hash support (C++11)
equal()
lexicographical_compare()
conjunction<> and disjunction<>: Short-circuiting is handled correctly
conjunction<> and disjunction<>: First suitable type is chosen as base
span<>: free comparation functions fail for different const-ness [issue #32]
span<>: constrained container constructor suffers hard failure for arguments with reference-returning data() function [issue #242]
byte: aliasing rules lead to undefined behaviour when using enum class [issue #34](GSL issue #313, PR #390)
string_span<>: must not include terminating '\0' [issue #53]
string_span<>: to_string triggers SFINAE errors on basic_string_span's move & copy constructor with Clang-3.9 (define gsl_CONFIG_CONFIRMS_COMPILATION_ERRORS) [issue #53a]
narrow<>(): Allows narrowing double to float without MSVC level 4 warning C4127: conditional expression is constant [issue #115]
detail::is_compatible_container<>: Not a proper type trait [PR #238]
not_null<>: Disallows default construction (define gsl_CONFIG_CONFIRMS_COMPILATION_ERRORS)
not_null<>: Disallows construction from nullptr_t, NULL or 0 (define gsl_CONFIG_CONFIRMS_COMPILATION_ERRORS)
not_null<>: Disallows construction from a unique pointer to underlying type (define gsl_CONFIG_CONFIRMS_COMPILATION_ERRORS)
not_null<>: Layout is compatible to underlying type
not_null<>: Convertibility is correctly reported by type traits
not_null<>: Copyability and assignability are correctly reported by type traits
not_null<>: Disallows assignment from unrelated pointers (define gsl_CONFIG_CONFIRMS_COMPILATION_ERRORS)
not_null<>: Terminates construction from a null pointer value (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Terminates construction from related pointer types for null pointer value (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Terminates assignment from a null pointer value (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Terminates assignment from related pointer types for null pointer value (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a non-null underlying pointer (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Returns underlying pointer with get() (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a non-null underlying pointer (raw pointer) with make_not_null()
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a non-null underlying pointer (raw pointer) with deduction guide
not_null<>: Allows to construct a const pointer from a non-null underlying pointer (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Converts to underlying pointer (raw pointer)
as_nullable: Converts to underlying pointer (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a non-null related pointer (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Allows to construct a const pointer from a non-null related pointer (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a not_null related pointer type (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Allows to construct a const pointer from a not_null related pointer type (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Converts to a related pointer (raw pointer)
as_nullable: Converts to a related pointer (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Allows assignment from a not_null related pointer type (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Allows assignment to a const pointer from a not_null related pointer type (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Allows indirect member access (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Allows dereferencing (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Allows to check whether object is valid (raw pointer)
not_null<>: Terminates swap of a moved-from value (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Tolerates self-move-assignment of a moved-from value (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Terminates self-swap of a moved-from value (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Terminates construction from a null pointer value (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Terminates construction from related pointer types for null pointer value (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Terminates assignment from a null pointer value (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Terminates assignment from related pointer types for null pointer value (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Terminates propagation of a moved-from value (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows self-swap (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows swap (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a non-null underlying pointer (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a non-null raw pointer with explicit conversion (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Returns underlying pointer or raw pointer with get() (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to move from a not_null pointer to an underlying pointer (shared_ptr)
as_nullable: Allows to move from a not_null pointer to an underlying pointer (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a non-null underlying pointer (shared_ptr) with make_not_null()
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a non-null underlying pointer (shared_ptr) with deduction guide
not_null<>: Allows to construct a const pointer from a non-null underlying pointer (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Converts to underlying pointer (shared_ptr)
as_nullable: Converts to underlying pointer (shared_ptr)
as_nullable: Terminates for moved-from pointer (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a non-null related pointer (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to construct a const pointer from a non-null related pointer (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a not_null related pointer type (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to construct a const pointer from a not_null related pointer type (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Converts to a related pointer (shared_ptr)
as_nullable: Converts to a related pointer (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows assignment from a not_null related pointer type (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows assignment to a const pointer from a not_null related pointer type (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows indirect member access (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows dereferencing (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to check whether object is valid (shared_ptr)
not_null<>: Terminates swap of a moved-from value (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Tolerates self-move-assignment of a moved-from value (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Terminates self-swap of a moved-from value (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Terminates construction from a null pointer value (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Terminates construction from related pointer types for null pointer value (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Terminates assignment from a null pointer value (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Terminates assignment from related pointer types for null pointer value (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Terminates propagation of a moved-from value (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows self-swap (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows swap (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a non-null underlying pointer (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a non-null raw pointer with explicit conversion (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Returns underlying pointer or raw pointer with get() (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to move from a not_null pointer to an underlying pointer (unique_ptr)
as_nullable: Allows to move from a not_null pointer to an underlying pointer (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to move to a related pointer from a not_null pointer (unique_ptr)
as_nullable: Allows to move to a related pointer from a not_null pointer (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a non-null underlying pointer (unique_ptr) with make_not_null()
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a non-null underlying pointer (unique_ptr) with deduction guide
not_null<>: Allows to construct a const pointer from a non-null underlying pointer (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Converts to underlying pointer (unique_ptr)
as_nullable: Converts to underlying pointer (unique_ptr)
as_nullable: Terminates for moved-from pointer (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a non-null related pointer (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to construct a const pointer from a non-null related pointer (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a not_null related pointer type (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to construct a const pointer from a not_null related pointer type (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Converts to a related pointer (unique_ptr)
as_nullable: Converts to a related pointer (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows assignment from a not_null related pointer type (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows assignment to a const pointer from a not_null related pointer type (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows indirect member access (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows dereferencing (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to check whether object is valid (unique_ptr)
not_null<>: Allows to construct a not_null<shared_ptr<T>> from a non-null unique_ptr<T>
not_null<>: Allows to construct a not_null<shared_ptr<const T>> from a non-null unique_ptr<T>
not_null<>: Allows to construct a not_null<shared_ptr<T>> from a related non-null unique_ptr<U>
not_null<>: Allows to construct a not_null<shared_ptr<const T>> from a related non-null unique_ptr<U>
not_null<>: Allows to construct a not_null<shared_ptr<T>> from a not_null<unique_ptr<T>>
not_null<>: Allows to convert to weak_ptr<T> from a not_null<shared_ptr<T>>
not_null<>: Allows to convert from a not_null<shared_ptr<T>> to a user-defined type with explicit conversion constructor
not_null<>: Allows to construct a not_null<shared_ptr<const T>> from a not_null<unique_ptr<T>>
not_null<>: Allows to construct a not_null<shared_ptr<T>> from a related not_null<unique_ptr<U>>
not_null<>: Allows to construct a not_null<shared_ptr<const T>> from a related not_null<unique_ptr<U>>
not_null<>: Allows assignment to a not_null<shared_ptr<T>> from a related not_null<unique_ptr<U>>
not_null<>: Allows assignment to a not_null<shared_ptr<const T>> from a related not_null<unique_ptr<U>>
not_null<>: make_unique<T>() returns not_null<unique_ptr<T>>
not_null<>: make_shared<T>() returns not_null<shared_ptr<T>>
not_null<>: Allows assignment from a non-null bare recast pointer
not_null<>: Allows implicit conversion to underlying type
not_null<>: Allows to construct from a non-null user-defined ref-counted type
not_null<>: Allows to compare equal to another not_null of the same type
not_null<>: Allows to compare unequal to another not_null of the same type
not_null<>: Allows to compare less than another not_null of the same type
not_null<>: Allows to compare less than or equal to another not_null of the same type
not_null<>: Allows to compare greater than another not_null of the same type
not_null<>: Allows to compare greater than or equal to another not_null of the same type
not_null<>: Allows to compare equal to a raw pointer of the same type
not_null<>: Allows to compare unequal to a raw pointer of the same type
not_null<>: Allows to compare less than a raw pointer of the same type
not_null<>: Allows to compare less than or equal to a raw pointer of the same type
not_null<>: Allows to compare greater than a raw pointer of the same type
not_null<>: Allows to compare greater than or equal to a raw pointer of the same type
not_null<>: Able to deduce element_type of raw pointers
not_null<>: Able to deduce element_type of unique_ptr
not_null<>: Able to deduce element_type of shared_ptr
not_null<>: Able to deduce element_type of normal user-defined smart pointers
not_null<>: Able to correctly deduce element_type of user-defined smart pointers even if typedef and result of dereferencing differs
not_null<>: Able to deduce element_type of user-defined smart pointers even if they do not have an element_type typedef
not_null<>: Able to deduce element_type of user-defined smart pointers even if they do not have an element_type typedef, and element_type differs from T
not_null<>: Can handle void*
not_null<>: Can handle unique_ptr<void, DeleterT>
not_null<>: Can handle shared_ptr<void>
not_null<>: Hashes match the hashes of the wrapped pointer
not_null<>: Hash functor disabled for non-hashable pointers and enabled for hashable pointers
owner<>: Disallows construction from a non-pointer type (define gsl_CONFIG_CONFIRMS_COMPILATION_ERRORS)
owner<>: Allows its use as the (pointer) type it stands for
Owner(): Allows its use as the (pointer) type it stands for
span<>: Disallows construction from a temporary value (C++11) (define gsl_CONFIG_CONFIRMS_COMPILATION_ERRORS)
span<>: Disallows construction from a C-array of incompatible type (define gsl_CONFIG_CONFIRMS_COMPILATION_ERRORS)
span<>: Disallows construction from a std::array of incompatible type (C++11) (define gsl_CONFIG_CONFIRMS_COMPILATION_ERRORS)
span<>: Terminates construction from a nullptr and a non-zero size (C++11)
span<>: Terminates construction from two pointers in the wrong order
span<>: Terminates construction from a null pointer and a non-zero size
span<>: Terminates creation of a sub span of the first n elements for n exceeding the span
span<>: Terminates creation of a sub span of the last n elements for n exceeding the span
span<>: Terminates creation of a sub span outside the span
span<>: Terminates access outside the span
span<>: Terminates access with front() and back() on empty span
span<>: Allows to default-construct
span<>: Allows to construct from a nullptr and a zero size (C++11)
span<>: Allows to construct from a single object (C++11)
span<>: Allows to construct from a const single object (C++11)
span<>: Allows to construct from two pointers
span<>: Allows to construct from two pointers to const
span<>: Allows to construct from a non-null pointer and a size
span<>: Allows to construct from a non-null pointer to const and a size
span<>: Allows to construct from a temporary pointer and a size
span<>: Allows to construct from a temporary pointer to const and a size
span<>: Allows to construct from any pointer and a zero size
span<>: Allows to construct from a C-array
span<>: Allows to construct from a const C-array
span<>: Allows to construct from a C-array with size via decay to pointer (potentially dangerous)
span<>: Allows to construct from a const C-array with size via decay to pointer (potentially dangerous)
span<>: Allows to construct from a std::initializer_list<> (C++11)
span<>: Allows to construct from a std::array<> (C++11)
span<>: Allows constexpr use (C++14)
span<>: Allows to construct from a std::array<> with const data (C++11) [deprecated-5]
span<>: Allows to construct from a container (std::vector<>)
span<>: Allows to construct from a temporary container (potentially dangerous)
span<>: Allows to tag-construct from a container (std::vector<>)
span<>: Allows to tag-construct from a temporary container (potentially dangerous)
span<>: Allows to construct from an empty gsl::shared_ptr (C++11) [deprecated-4]
span<>: Allows to construct from an empty gsl::unique_ptr (C++11) [deprecated-4]
span<>: Allows to construct from an empty gsl::unique_ptr (array, C++11) [deprecated-4]
span<>: Allows to construct from a non-empty gsl::shared_ptr (C++11) [deprecated-4]
span<>: Allows to construct from a non-empty gsl::unique_ptr (C++11) [deprecated-4]
span<>: Allows to construct from a non-empty gsl::unique_ptr (array, C++11) [deprecated-4]
span<>: Allows to default construct in a constexpr context
span<>: Allows to copy-construct from another span of the same type
span<>: Allows to copy-construct from another span of a compatible type
span<>: Allows to move-construct from another span of the same type (C++11)
span<>: Allows to copy-assign from another span of the same type
span<>: Allows to move-assign from another span of the same type (C++11)
span<>: Allows to create a sub span of the first n elements
span<>: Allows to create a sub span of the last n elements
span<>: Allows to create a sub span starting at a given offset
span<>: Allows to create a sub span starting at a given offset with a given length
span<>: Allows to create an empty sub span at full offset
span<>: Allows to create an empty sub span at full offset with zero length
span<>: Allows forward iteration
span<>: Allows const forward iteration
span<>: Allows reverse iteration
span<>: Allows const reverse iteration
span<>: Allows to observe an element via array indexing
span<>: Allows to observe an element via front() and back()
span<>: Allows to observe an element via data()
span<>: Allows to change an element via array indexing
span<>: Allows to change an element via front() and back()
span<>: Allows to change an element via data()
span<>: Allows to test for empty span via empty(), empty case
span<>: Allows to test for empty span via empty(), non-empty case
span<>: Allows to obtain the number of elements via size(), as configured
span<>: Allows to obtain the number of elements via ssize(), signed
span<>: Allows to obtain the number of elements via length() [deprecated-3]
span<>: Allows to obtain the number of bytes via size_bytes()
span<>: Allows to obtain the number of bytes via length_bytes() [deprecated-3]
span<>: Allows to swap with another span of the same type
span<>: Allows to view the elements as read-only bytes [deprecated-2 as member]
span<>: Allows to view and change the elements as writable bytes [deprecated-2 as member]
span<>: Allows to view the elements as a span of another type
span<>: Allows to change the elements from a span of another type
copy(): Allows to copy a span to another span of the same element type
copy(): Allows to copy a span to another span of a different element type
size(): Allows to obtain the number of elements in span via size(span), unsigned
ssize(): Allows to obtain the number of elements in span via ssize(span), signed
make_span(): (gsl_FEATURE_MAKE_SPAN=1)
make_span(): Allows to build from two pointers
make_span(): Allows to build from two const pointers
make_span(): Allows to build from a non-null pointer and a size
make_span(): Allows to build from a non-null const pointer and a size
make_span(): Allows to build from a C-array
make_span(): Allows to build from a const C-array
make_span(): Allows building from a std::initializer_list<> (C++11)
make_span(): Allows to build from a std::array<> (C++11)
make_span(): Allows to build from a const std::array<> (C++11)
make_span(): Allows to build from a container (std::vector<>)
make_span(): Allows to build from a const container (std::vector<>)
make_span(): Allows to build from a temporary container (potentially dangerous)
make_span(): Allows to tag-build from a container (std::vector<>)
make_span(): Allows to tag-build from a temporary container (potentially dangerous)
make_span(): Allows to build from an empty gsl::shared_ptr (C++11) [deprecated-4]
make_span(): Allows to build from an empty gsl::unique_ptr (C++11) [deprecated-4]
make_span(): Allows to build from an empty gsl::unique_ptr (array, C++11) [deprecated-4]
make_span(): Allows to build from a non-empty gsl::shared_ptr (C++11) [deprecated-4]
make_span(): Allows to build from a non-empty gsl::unique_ptr (C++11) [deprecated-4]
make_span(): Allows to build from a non-empty gsl::unique_ptr (array, C++11) [deprecated-4]
byte_span() (gsl_FEATURE_BYTE_SPAN=1)
byte_span(): Allows to build a span of gsl::byte from a single object
byte_span(): Allows to build a span of const gsl::byte from a single const object
string_span: Disallows construction of a string_span from a cstring_span (define gsl_CONFIG_CONFIRMS_COMPILATION_ERRORS)
string_span: Disallows construction of a string_span from a const std::string (define gsl_CONFIG_CONFIRMS_COMPILATION_ERRORS)
string_span: Allows to default-construct
string_span: Allows to construct from a nullptr (C++11)
string_span: Allows to construct a cstring_span from a const C-string
string_span: Allows to construct a string_span from a non-const C-string and size
string_span: Allows to construct a string_span from a non-const C-string begin and end pointer
string_span: Allows to construct a string_span from a non-const C-array
string_span: Allows to construct a string_span from a non-const std::string
string_span: Allows to construct a string_span from a non-const std::array (C++11)
string_span: Allows to construct a string_span from a non-const container (std::vector)
string_span: Allows to construct a string_span from a non-const container, via a tag (std::vector)
string_span: Allows to construct a cstring_span from a non-const C-string and size
string_span: Allows to construct a cstring_span from a non-const C-string begin and end pointer
string_span: Allows to construct a cstring_span from a non-const C-array
string_span: Allows to construct a cstring_span from a non-const std::string
string_span: Allows to construct a cstring_span from a non-const std::array (C++11)
string_span: Allows to construct a cstring_span from a non-const container (std::vector)
string_span: Allows to construct a cstring_span from a non-const container, via a tag (std::vector)
string_span: Allows to construct a cstring_span from a const C-string and size
string_span: Allows to construct a cstring_span from a non-const C-string begin and end pointer
string_span: Allows to construct a cstring_span from a const C-array
string_span: Allows to construct a cstring_span from a const std::string
string_span: Allows to construct a cstring_span from a const std::array (C++11)
string_span: Allows to construct a cstring_span from a const container (std::vector)
string_span: Allows to construct a cstring_span from a const container, via a tag (std::vector)
string_span: Allows to construct a wstring_span from a non-const C-string and size
string_span: Allows to construct a wstring_span from a non-const C-string begin and end pointer
string_span: Allows to construct a wstring_span from a non-const C-array
string_span: Allows to construct a wstring_span from a non-const std::wstring
string_span: Allows to construct a wstring_span from a non-const std::array (C++11)
string_span: Allows to construct a wstring_span from a non-const container (std::vector)
string_span: Allows to construct a wstring_span from a non-const container, via a tag (std::vector)
string_span: Allows to construct a cwstring_span from a non-const C-string and size
string_span: Allows to construct a cwstring_span from a non-const C-string begin and end pointer
string_span: Allows to construct a cwstring_span from a non-const C-array
string_span: Allows to construct a cwstring_span from a non-const std::wstring
string_span: Allows to construct a cwstring_span from a non-const std::array (C++11)
string_span: Allows to construct a cwstring_span from a non-const container (std::vector)
string_span: Allows to construct a cwstring_span from a non-const container, via a tag (std::vector)
string_span: Allows to construct a cwstring_span from a const C-string and size
string_span: Allows to construct a cwstring_span from a const C-string begin and end pointer
string_span: Allows to construct a cwstring_span from a const C-array
string_span: Allows to construct a cwstring_span from a const std::wstring
string_span: Allows to construct a cwstring_span from a const std::array (C++11)
string_span: Allows to construct a cwstring_span from a const container (std::vector)
string_span: Allows to construct a cwstring_span from a const container, via a tag (std::vector)
string_span: Allows to copy-construct from another span of the same type
string_span: Allows to copy-construct from another span of a compatible type
string_span: Allows to move-construct from another span of the same type (C++11)
string_span: Allows to copy-assign from another span of the same type
string_span: Allows to move-assign from another span of the same type (C++11)
string_span: Allows to create a sub span of the first n elements
string_span: Allows to create a sub span of the last n elements
string_span: Allows to create a sub span starting at a given offset
string_span: Allows to create a sub span starting at a given offset with a given length
string_span: Allows to create an empty sub span at full offset
string_span: Allows to create an empty sub span at full offset with zero length
string_span: Allows forward iteration
string_span: Allows const forward iteration
string_span: Allows reverse iteration
string_span: Allows const reverse iteration
string_span: Allows to observe an element via array indexing
string_span: Allows to observe an element via front() and back()
string_span: Allows to observe an element via data()
string_span: Allows to change an element via array indexing
string_span: Allows to change an element via front() and back()
string_span: Allows to change an element via data()
string_span: Allows to compare a string_span with another string_span
string_span: Allows to compare empty span to non-empty span
string_span: Allows to compare a string_span with a cstring_span
string_span: Allows to compare with types convertible to string_span
string_span: Allows to test for empty span via empty(), empty case
string_span: Allows to test for empty span via empty(), non-empty case
string_span: Allows to obtain the number of elements via length()
string_span: Allows to obtain the number of elements via size()
string_span: Allows to obtain the number of bytes via length_bytes()
string_span: Allows to obtain the number of bytes via size_bytes()
string_span: Allows to view the elements as read-only bytes
zstring_span: Terminates construction of a zstring_span from an empty span
zstring_span: Allows to construct a zstring_span from a zero-terminated empty string (via span)
zstring_span: Allows to construct a zstring_span from a zero-terminated non-empty string (via span)
zstring_span: Terminates construction of a zstring_span from a non-zero-terminated string (via span)
zstring_span: Terminates construction of a wzstring_span from an empty span
zstring_span: Allows to construct a wzstring_span from a zero-terminated empty string (via span)
zstring_span: Allows to construct a wzstring_span from a zero-terminated non-empty string (via span)
zstring_span: Terminates construction of a wzstring_span from a non-zero-terminated string (via span)
zstring_span: Allows to use a zstring_span with a legacy API via member assume_z()
zstring_span: Allows to use a wzstring_span with a legacy API via member assume_z()
to_string(): Allows to explicitly convert from string_span to std::string
to_string(): Allows to explicitly convert from cstring_span to std::string
to_string(): Allows to explicitly convert from wstring_span to std::wstring
to_string(): Allows to explicitly convert from cwstring_span to std::wstring
ensure_z(): Disallows to build a string_span from a const C-string
ensure_z(): Disallows to build a wstring_span from a const wide C-string
ensure_z(): Allows to build a string_span from a non-const C-string
ensure_z(): Allows to build a cstring_span from a non-const C-string
ensure_z(): Allows to build a cstring_span from a const C-string
ensure_z(): Allows to build a wstring_span from a non-const wide C-string
ensure_z(): Allows to build a cwstring_span from a non-const wide C-string
ensure_z(): Allows to build a cwstring_span from a const wide C-string
ensure_z(): Allows to specify ultimate location of the sentinel and ensure its presence
operator<<: Allows printing a string_span to an output stream
operator<<: Allows printing a cstring_span to an output stream
operator<<: Allows printing a wstring_span to an output stream
operator<<: Allows printing a cwstring_span to an output stream
finally: Allows to run lambda on leaving scope
finally: Allows to run function (bind) on leaving scope
finally: Allows to run function (pointer) on leaving scope
on_return: Allows to perform action on leaving scope without exception (gsl_FEATURE_EXPERIMENTAL_RETURN_GUARD)
on_error: Allows to perform action on leaving scope via an exception (gsl_FEATURE_EXPERIMENTAL_RETURN_GUARD)
narrow_cast<>: Allows narrowing without value loss
narrow_cast<>: Allows narrowing with value loss
narrow<>(): Allows narrowing without value loss
narrow<>(): Terminates when narrowing with value loss
narrow<>(): Terminates when narrowing with sign loss
narrow_failfast<>(): Allows narrowing without value loss
narrow_failfast<>(): Terminates when narrowing with value loss
narrow_failfast<>(): Terminates when narrowing with sign loss
CUDA: Precondition/postcondition checks and assertions can be used in kernel code
CUDA: span<> can be passed to kernel code
CUDA: span<> can be used in kernel code
CUDA: not_null<> can be passed to and used in kernel code
CUDA: gsl_FailFast() can be used in kernel code