FTCC

FTCC: Fast Text Classification with Compressors dictionary

This repository implements a compression based classification technique that is fast at training AND at inference. It is a reaction to Low-Resource” Text Classification: A Parameter-Free Classification Method with Compressors (referred as the gzip method from now on) that received a lot of attention. The paper mentions different techniques based on compression, but does not mention the technique implemented in this repository.
I suspect the FTCC technique in this repository has already been tested in the industry, but I could not find an implementation online, so here you go. I think it is a reasonable baseline for compression based classification. It is multiple orders of magnitudes faster than the gzip method and the other compression-based classifiers mentioned in the paper, and has comparable accuracy (yet to validate).

Nothing new there

Indeed. The idea has been known for ages. It is also likely that a well-built tf-idf could outperform this method (contributions welcome). The goal of this repo is to provide a correct baseline for compression-based method that is simple and fast to reproduce. A compression-based method should either have a significantly better accuracy or a similar accuracy with better compute/memory performance.

Principle

Some compressor implementation, such as zstd, can generate a compression dictionary from data.

A compression dictionary is essentially data used to seed the compressor state so it can achieve better compression. The idea is that if you are compressing a lot of similar pieces of data (e.g. JSON documents or anything sharing similar structure), then you can find common patterns across multiple objects then leverage those common patterns during compression and decompression operations to achieve better compression ratios. Dictionary compression is generally only useful for small inputs - data no larger than a few kilobytes.

source

Intuitively, this means: if I "train" a compressor on a specific topic, it will get better at compressing this particular topic. I can train a different compressor for each topic. Then given an input text, I can compare all compressor. The topic of the compressor that has the best compression ratio is most likely the topic of the input text. This collection of compressors is the text classification model.

Algorithm:

training

Given a dataset of [(text, class)]
Join texts with the same label together:
```
{ 
  class_1: ct_1,
  class_2: ct_2,
  ...
  class_n: ct_n, 
} 
```
With ct_i all texts of label i, joined together with the separator \n.

For each label, generate a compression dictionary

{ 
  class_1: class1_compressor,
  class_2: class2_compressor,
  ...
  class_n: class3_compressor, 
}

save the above as class_to_compressor.

inference

Given a new input text

For each compression dictionary, compress the input, and get the length. Return the class of the compressor that achieved the best compression ratio.

predicted_class = None
minimum_size = INF
for class, compressor in class_to_compressor:
   size = length(compressor.compress(text))
   if size < minimum_size:
     predicted_class = class
     minimum_size = size
return predicted_class

To further improve the algorithm, instead of building a single compressor per class, we build a few of them. For instance, we split a given class text in 3 chunks, and train 1 compressor for each chunk. At inference, we take the average of the compression ratio (we could also use a vote approach). This stabilizes the inferences, and small values between 2 and 5 are enough. Below we call the number of compressors per class the CPC.

Properties

This technique has the following nice properties:

runs on low resources machines easily. Training takes a few seconds, inferences between 0.1 and 20 milliseconds - on commodity hardware.
you can control the accuracy/model size trade-off easily. Because most dictionary based compressor allow to control the size of the compression dictionary.
you can control the accuracy/inference speed trade-off easily By setting the compression level of the compressor. A higher compression level has higher accuracy but is slower.
you can control the accuracy/inference speed trade-off by setting the CPC. A bigger CPC improves the accuracy and does not make the training slower, only the inference.
you can perform partial - per-class - re-training. Compressors are trained per class. If a class often has false negative, you can improve the compressor of this class independently of the other compressors.
it is fast and different from traditional approaches, so a good candidate for ensembling
reproducible. No random() here and there.

Performance analysis

`dataset_prefixed` mode

dataset_prefixed means the whole dataset is kept in memory by the compressor and used as a prefix. This makes the "training" very fast, because nothing is done. This means the model has the same size as the training input. This corresponds to the setup of the gzip method.

Accuracy

+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|               Method               |AG_NEWS| IMDB|AmazonReviewPolarity|DBpedia|YahooAnswers|YelpReviewPolarity|20News|  R8 | R52 |Ohsumed|kinnews|
+------------------------------------+-------+-----+--------------------+-------+------------+------------------+------+-----+-----+-------+-------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 dataset_prefixed CPC_1| 0.863 |0.691|        0.716       | 0.931 |    0.534   |       0.771      | 0.783|0.917|0.846| 0.478 | 0.892 |
+------------------------------------+-------+-----+--------------------+-------+------------+------------------+------+-----+-----+-------+-------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 dataset_prefixed CPC_3| 0.896 |0.773|        0.799       | 0.959 |    0.628   |       0.841      | 0.795|0.935|0.007| 0.424 | 0.883 |
+------------------------------------+-------+-----+--------------------+-------+------------+------------------+------+-----+-----+-------+-------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 dataset_prefixed CPC_5| 0.901 | 0.8 |        0.83        | 0.965 |    0.655   |       0.859      | 0.79 |0.937|0.001| 0.386 | 0.881 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Some datasets are not included because they have train/test split issues. See here.
Some other datasets are not included yet because the downloader function seemed broken. Help me fix this! See contribute

Comparison with A Parameter-Free Classification Method with Compressors (referred as gzip method below) on test accuracy:

method	AGNews	DBpedia	YahooAnswers	20News	kinnews	R8	R52	Ohsumed
gzip method knn1	0.876	0.942	0.485	0.607	0.858	0.913	0.852	0.365
FFTC ZSTD_CL9 dataset_prefixed CPC_5 (this project)	0.901	0.965	0.655	0.79	0.881	0.937	NA [3]	0.386 [3]
FFTC ZSTD_CL9 dataset_prefixed CPC_1 (this project)							0.846	0.478

I am not showing top 2 scores from the paper because the implementation leaks the labels at prediction time and overestimates accuracy. See issue.
Accuracy results of gzip method with knn1 from Ken Schutte work. See https://kenschutte.com/gzip-knn-paper and https://kenschutte.com/gzip-knn-paper2
[3] having CPC > 1 is not relevant if there are many categories and few observations for some categories. It would require a more subtle implementation, with cpc depending on the number of observations for each class

As shown above, ftcc beats the gzip method on all datasets except R52. For R52, because there are classes with few examples, learning is difficult and the brute force approach of gzip gets the advantage. Still, it is trivial to have the same level of performance by using a compression level of 12 instead of 9 (python main.py -d R52 -cpc 1 -c ZSTD_CL12).

Speed

Below is just to give an idea. Run on my 2021 intel MacBook Pro, with tons of apps running at the same time. Do your own microbenchmark. The computation is multiple orders of magnitudes faster than the gzip method.

+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|               Method               |AG_NEWS_train|AG_NEWS_predict_p90|IMDB_train|IMDB_predict_p90|AmazonReviewPolarity_train|AmazonReviewPolarity_predict_p90|DBpedia_train|DBpedia_predict_p90|YahooAnswers_train|YahooAnswers_predict_p90|YelpReviewPolarity_train|YelpReviewPolarity_predict_p90|20News_train|20News_predict_p90|R8_train|R8_predict_p90|R52_train|R52_predict_p90|kinnews_train|kinnews_predict_p90|
+------------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+----------+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------+------------+------------------+--------+--------------+---------+---------------+-------------+-------------------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 dataset_prefixed CPC_1|     2.4s    |      0.123ms      |   1.3s   |     0.368ms    |          111.7s          |             0.136ms            |    15.8s    |      0.878ms      |       48.1s      |         1.363ms        |          18.1s         |            0.328ms           |    0.6s    |      6.537ms     |  0.0s  |    0.768ms   |   0.1s  |    5.846ms    |     0.1s    |      3.885ms      |
+------------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+----------+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------+------------+------------------+--------+--------------+---------+---------------+-------------+-------------------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 dataset_prefixed CPC_3|     2.6s    |      0.358ms      |   1.2s   |     1.462ms    |           93.9s          |             0.451ms            |    13.3s    |      2.547ms      |       52.4s      |         3.861ms        |          21.1s         |            0.939ms           |    0.4s    |     15.202ms     |  0.0s  |    2.408ms   |   0.1s  |    13.566ms   |     0.1s    |       8.92ms      |
+------------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+----------+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------+------------+------------------+--------+--------------+---------+---------------+-------------+-------------------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 dataset_prefixed CPC_5|     3.0s    |      0.696ms      |   1.3s   |     2.343ms    |          109.8s          |             0.877ms            |    16.6s    |      3.867ms      |       50.5s      |         6.263ms        |          21.8s         |             1.9ms            |    0.4s    |     28.908ms     |  0.0s  |    5.401ms   |   0.1s  |    24.708ms   |     0.1s    |      16.786ms     |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

As expected, the bigger the CPC, the bigger the prediction time, especially when the number of classes is big. Training time is almost not impacted.

Model size

Reminder: dataset_prefixed mode keeps the whole training dataset in memory. In an age where multi-gigabytes NN model are welcome for classification, this can be considered as a viable solution. Most models are a few megabytes only. Also, this corresponds to the gzip method setup.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|               Method               |   AG_NEWS  |    IMDB    |AmazonReviewPolarity|   DBpedia   | YahooAnswers|YelpReviewPolarity|   20News   |     R8    |    R52    |  kinnews  |
+------------------------------------+------------+------------+--------------------+-------------+-------------+------------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 dataset_prefixed CPC_1|28.497299 Mb|33.157821 Mb|    1553.96443 Mb   |170.588956 Mb|730.885685 Mb|   407.052479 Mb  |22.065911 Mb|3.320973 Mb|4.239561 Mb|6.578101 Mb|
+------------------------------------+------------+------------+--------------------+-------------+-------------+------------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 dataset_prefixed CPC_3|28.497291 Mb|33.157817 Mb|   1553.964426 Mb   |170.588928 Mb|730.885665 Mb|   407.052475 Mb  |22.065871 Mb|3.320957 Mb|4.239464 Mb|6.578077 Mb|
+------------------------------------+------------+------------+--------------------+-------------+-------------+------------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 dataset_prefixed CPC_5|28.497283 Mb|33.157813 Mb|   1553.964422 Mb   | 170.5889 Mb |730.885645 Mb|   407.052471 Mb  |22.065831 Mb|3.320941 Mb|4.239384 Mb|6.578053 Mb|
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

`size_unbounded_optimized` mode

size_unbounded_optimized means an algorithm automatically optimizes the dictionary, without bound on the size of the dictionary. See algorithm here. Performance are a bit worse, while staying reasonable. The training time is bigger, but the model size is smaller than the whole training set size.

Accuracy

+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                   Method                   |AG_NEWS| IMDB|AmazonReviewPolarity|DBpedia|YahooAnswers|YelpReviewPolarity|20News|  R8 | R52 |kinnews|
+--------------------------------------------+-------+-----+--------------------+-------+------------+------------------+------+-----+-----+-------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 size_unbounded_optimized CPC_1| 0.864 |0.708|        0.704       |  0.92 |    0.528   |       0.756      | 0.773|0.914|0.838| 0.818 |
+--------------------------------------------+-------+-----+--------------------+-------+------------+------------------+------+-----+-----+-------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 size_unbounded_optimized CPC_3|  0.89 | 0.77|        0.788       | 0.955 |    0.622   |       0.834      | 0.773|0.928|0.002| 0.826 |
+--------------------------------------------+-------+-----+--------------------+-------+------------+------------------+------+-----+-----+-------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 size_unbounded_optimized CPC_5| 0.896 |0.799|        0.821       |  0.96 |    0.649   |       0.863      | 0.769|0.924|0.001| 0.853 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Roughly between 1 and 2 percentage points are lost for each method.

Speed

Below is just to give an idea. Run on my 2021 intel MacBook Pro. Do your own microbenchmark.

+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                   Method                   |AG_NEWS_train|AG_NEWS_predict_p90|IMDB_train|IMDB_predict_p90|AmazonReviewPolarity_train|AmazonReviewPolarity_predict_p90|DBpedia_train|DBpedia_predict_p90|YahooAnswers_train|YahooAnswers_predict_p90|YelpReviewPolarity_train|YelpReviewPolarity_predict_p90|20News_train|20News_predict_p90|R8_train|R8_predict_p90|R52_train|R52_predict_p90|kinnews_train|kinnews_predict_p90|
+--------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+----------+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------+------------+------------------+--------+--------------+---------+---------------+-------------+-------------------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 size_unbounded_optimized CPC_1|    26.3s    |      0.179ms      |   27.6s  |     0.344ms    |          891.4s          |             0.093ms            |    121.6s   |      0.489ms      |      470.1s      |         0.795ms        |         216.1s         |            0.166ms           |    14.8s   |      4.034ms     |  2.4s  |    0.538ms   |   3.2s  |    4.212ms    |     2.4s    |      1.945ms      |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+----------+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------+------------+------------------+--------+--------------+---------+---------------+-------------+-------------------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 size_unbounded_optimized CPC_3|    22.7s    |      0.283ms      |   22.9s  |     0.917ms    |          1474.6s         |             0.613ms            |    287.9s   |      3.247ms      |      1322.8s     |         4.864ms        |         871.8s         |             1.7ms            |    50.2s   |     35.201ms     |  12.0s |    7.165ms   |  14.5s  |    34.682ms   |    12.3s    |      17.665ms     |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+----------+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------------+------------+------------------+--------+--------------+---------+---------------+-------------+-------------------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 size_unbounded_optimized CPC_5|    61.4s    |      0.957ms      |   58.3s  |     3.244ms    |          2017.7s         |             1.536ms            |    337.7s   |      5.771ms      |      1074.1s     |        10.738ms        |         752.4s         |            2.032ms           |    38.6s   |      41.63ms     |  6.3s  |    6.445ms   |   8.6s  |    33.346ms   |     9.8s    |      23.899ms     |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Training is now a few minutes because of the dictionary training.

Model size

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                   Method                   |   AG_NEWS  |    IMDB    |AmazonReviewPolarity|   DBpedia   | YahooAnswers|YelpReviewPolarity|   20News   |     R8    |    R52    |  kinnews  |
+--------------------------------------------+------------+------------+--------------------+-------------+-------------+------------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 size_unbounded_optimized CPC_1|17.568384 Mb|11.067007 Mb|    12.018115 Mb    | 73.808126 Mb| 56.404952 Mb|   13.149491 Mb   |16.098017 Mb| 2.50625 Mb|3.441763 Mb|1.445467 Mb|
+--------------------------------------------+------------+------------+--------------------+-------------+-------------+------------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 size_unbounded_optimized CPC_3|25.496669 Mb|23.231406 Mb|     35.56142 Mb    |125.385563 Mb|163.297462 Mb|   38.984491 Mb   |22.323596 Mb|3.128363 Mb|3.990758 Mb|2.130884 Mb|
+--------------------------------------------+------------+------------+--------------------+-------------+-------------+------------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|FFTC ZSTD_CL9 size_unbounded_optimized CPC_5|27.610126 Mb|29.415687 Mb|     59.45308 Mb    |144.977827 Mb|265.284513 Mb|   66.247472 Mb   |25.642043 Mb|3.249029 Mb| 4.16616 Mb|2.742979 Mb|
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Compression analysis

Consider the datasets with the biggest training set size: AmazonReviewPolarity:

	Accuracy	Size	Training Time	Inference speed p90
FFTC ZSTD_CL9 dataset_prefixed CPC_5	0.83	1553.96 Mb	109.8s [1]	1.536ms
FFTC ZSTD_CL9 size_unbounded_optimized CPC_5	0.821	59.45 Mb	2017.7s	1.536ms

[1] the time is actually spent joining the train examples together. Python is really slow at doing this. This could easily be optimized.

Main result: We built a solution that shows the learning/generalization potential of compression dictionary based method. We compress a 1.5Gb model in a 60Mb model - a 59 compression ratio - while only losing 1 percentage point of accuracy. The inference time is not impacted by this compression, it stays fast. Results are similar for YahooAnswers and Yelp with smaller compression ratio.
This suggests that compression dictionary training scales well and should be explored on bigger datasets. For smaller datasets, keeping the whole dataset as a dictionary prefix is simple and results in extremely fast training and inference.

Notes on performance

In the benchmark above we used a compression level of 9. Compression level can go up to 22. I have observed that compression level up to 12 will almost always yields an accuracy improvement. It makes training and inference slightly slower though. Above 12, the compression takes more time and I could not observe a consistent accuracy improvement.

Reproduce

Requirements

python 3.7

Install

pip install -r requirements.txt

Reproduce: with training dataset maintained in memory (`dataset_prefixed` mode).

Recommended to compare performance with the gzip method, or with setups that can afford to maintain the whole training dataset in memory (eg small dataset).

python main.py -s -1

This will train and evaluate for 30 models, so this takes some time - around 40 minutes on commodity hardware. The slow evaluation is caused by the AmazonReviewPolarity dataset that has 400000k. See how to select the dataset, compressors, cpc and size constraint below.

Reproduce - with compressed dictionary (`size_unbounded_optimized`).

Recommended to compare performance with setups that can't afford to keep the whole training data in memory (big datasets, memory constraints or interested by the "learning" side of compression).

python main.py -s 0

This will train and evaluate for 30 models. Training takes some time with this mode because the dictionary is compressed. This should take around 4 hours on commodity hardware. See how to select the dataset, compressors, cpc and size constraint below.

Run specific configurations

Run on specific datasets

python main.py -d AG_NEWS -d IMDB

Run with specific compressors

python main.py -d AG_NEWS -c ZSTD_CL12

Run with specific CPC

python main.py -d AG_NEWS -cpc 1 -cpc 3

Run with specific memory constraints

python main.py -s -1 -s 0 -s 10000

-1 means the full dataset is used as a prefix by the dictionary (dataset_prefixed mode) -0 means the dictionary size is unbounded but optimized automatically (size_unbounded_optimized mode) 10000 means each generated dictionary size is bounded to 10000 bytes. See Accuracy performance for more info.

You can combine all the parameters together. For instance:

python main.py -d AG_NEWS -d IMDB -cpc 1 -cpc 3 -c ZSTD_CL9 -c ZSTD_CL12 -s -1 -s 0

To get the full help and see possible values for each parameters, run:

python main.py --help

The results are written to accuracy_results.csv, speed_results.csv, and size_results.csv, in addition to being printed to the console.

Extend and Contribute

add more datasets
pytorch is extremely slow and not necessary in this project, we should remove it
once the above is done, we can make this a library
add remove stopwords
add more compressors
improve the evaluation loop, it's slow
improve logs
predictions are cheap: ensemble
optimize the prediction time when CPC > 1
improve decision making when CPC > 1
the string concatenation is the slowest part in the training. I suspect it could greatly be improved.
change the loop order to avoid re-loading datasets - make dataset the outerloop

Troubleshooting

Google drive download does not work

For google drive links, you may have to comment line 22 to line 31 in torchtext._download_hooks.py

20News download does not work

If you have the following error on mac OS:

urllib.error.URLError: <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1091)>

You may have to run something like

ln -s /etc/ssl/* /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/etc/openssl

Citation

If you use FTCC in your publication, please cite it by using the following BibTeX entry.

@Misc{ftcc,
  title =        {FTCC: Fast Text Classification with Compressors dictionary},
  author =       {Cyril de Catheu},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/cyrilou242/ftcc}},
  year =         {2023}
}

cyrilou242 / ftcc

FTCC

Nothing new there

Principle

training

inference

Properties

Performance analysis

`dataset_prefixed` mode

Accuracy

Speed

Model size

`size_unbounded_optimized` mode

Accuracy

Speed

Model size

Compression analysis

Notes on performance

Reproduce

Reproduce: with training dataset maintained in memory (`dataset_prefixed` mode).

Reproduce - with compressed dictionary (`size_unbounded_optimized`).

Run specific configurations

Extend and Contribute

Troubleshooting

Google drive download does not work

20News download does not work

Citation

About

Languages

FTCC

Nothing new there

Principle

training

inference

Properties

Performance analysis

dataset_prefixed mode

Accuracy

Speed

Model size

size_unbounded_optimized mode

Accuracy

Speed

Model size

Compression analysis

Notes on performance

Reproduce

Reproduce: with training dataset maintained in memory (dataset_prefixed mode).

Reproduce - with compressed dictionary (size_unbounded_optimized).

Run specific configurations

Extend and Contribute

Troubleshooting

Google drive download does not work

20News download does not work

Citation

About

Languages

`dataset_prefixed` mode

`size_unbounded_optimized` mode

Reproduce: with training dataset maintained in memory (`dataset_prefixed` mode).

Reproduce - with compressed dictionary (`size_unbounded_optimized`).