multibase

Self-identifying base encodings

Multibase is a protocol for disambiguating the "base encoding" used to express binary data in text formats (e.g., base32, base36, base64, base58, etc.) from the expression alone.

When text is encoded as bytes, we can usually use a one-size-fits-all encoding (UTF-8) because we're always encoding to the same set of 256 bytes (+/- the NUL byte). When that doesn't work, usually for historical or performance reasons, we can usually infer the encoding from the context.

However, when bytes are encoded as text (using a base encoding), the choice of base encoding (and alphabet, and other factors) is often restricted by the context. Worse, these restrictions can change based on where the data appears in the text. In some cases, we can only use [a-z0-9]. In others, we can use a larger set of characters but need a compact encoding. This has lead to a large set of "base encodings", almost one for every use-case. Unlike the case of encoding text to bytes, it is impractical to standardize widely around a single base encoding because there is no optimal encoding for all cases.

As data travels beyond its context, it becomes quite hard to ascertain which base encoding of the many possible ones were used; that's where multibase comes in. Where the data has been prefixed before leaving its context behind, it answers the question:

Given binary data d encoded into text s, what base b was used to encode it?

To answer this question, a single code point is prepended to s at time of encoding, which signals in that new context which b can be used to reconstruct d.

multibase

Format

The Format is:

<base-encoding-code-point><base-encoded-data>

Where <base-encoding-code-point> is a code representing an entry in the multibase table.

Multibase Table

The current multibase table is here:

code,   Unicode,    (UTF-8),    encoding,           description,                                                    status
NUL,    U+0000      0x00,       8-bit binary        (encoder and decoder keeps data unmodified),                    reserved,
0,      U+0030      0x30,       base2,              binary (01010101),                                              experimental
7,      U+0037      0x37        base8,              octal,                                                          draft
9,      U+0039      0x39        base10,             decimal,                                                        draft
f,      U+0066      0x66,       base16,             hexadecimal,                                                    final
F,      U+0006      0x06        base16upper,        hexadecimal,                                                    final
v,      U+0076      0x76        base32hex,          rfc4648 case-insensitive - no padding - highest char,           experimental
V,      U+0056      0x56        base32hexupper,     rfc4648 case-insensitive - no padding - highest char,           experimental
t,      U+0074      0x74,       base32hexpad,rfc4648 case-insensitive - with padding,                               experimental
T,      U+0054      0x54        base32hexpadupper,  rfc4648 case-insensitive - with padding,                        experimental
b,      U+0062      0x62,       base32,             rfc4648 case-insensitive - no padding,                          final
B,      U+0042      0x42,       base32upper,        rfc4648 case-insensitive - no padding,                          final
c,      U+0063      0x63,       base32pad,          rfc4648 case-insensitive - with padding,                        draft
C,      U+0043      0x43,       base32padupper,     rfc4648 case-insensitive - with padding,                        draft
h,      U+0068      0x68,       base32z,            z-base-32 (used by Tahoe-LAFS),                                 draft
k,      U+006b      0x6b,       base36,             base36 [0-9a-z] case-insensitive - no padding,                  draft
K,      U+004b      0x4b,       base36upper,        base36 [0-9a-z] case-insensitive - no padding,                  draft
z,      U+007a      0x7a,       base58btc,          base58 bitcoin,                                                 final
Z,      U+005a      0x5a,       base58flickr,       base58 flicker,                                                 experimental
m,      U+006d      0x6d,       base64,             rfc4648 no padding,                                             final
M,      U+004d      0x4d,       base64pad,          rfc4648 with padding - MIME encoding,                           experimental
u,      U+0075      0x75,       base64url,          rfc4648 no padding,                                             final
U,      U+0055      0x55,       base64urlpad,       rfc4648 with padding,                                           final
p,      U+0070      0x70,       proquint,           [PRO-QUINT],                                                    experimental
🚀,     U+1F680,    0xF09F9A80, base256emoji,       base256 with custom alphabet using variable-sized-codepoints,   experimental

NOTE: Multibase-prefixes are encoding agnostic and their canonical form is a Unicode code point, not an ASCII character or corresponding UTF-8 bytes.
Since UTF-8 is the most common context for binary data that gets prefixed as a multibase today, the UTF-8 column is provided as a reference for detecting multibase-prefixes, since most of these codes can be detected in the first byte in known-encoding contexts.

However, if the string in question came from a UTF-32 context, detecting and dropping an initial byte of 0x7a would not suffice to confirm the rest was base58btc-encoded bytes; [0x7a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00] would instead be the UTF-32 bytes that correspond to the z codepoint for that entry, and the entire byte array would need to be detected and dropped.

Reserved

The following codes are reserved and cannot be registered in the multibase table. Note that all three Unicode entries, expressed as the unsigned varint expression of that Unicode code-point in UTF-8, are reserved in the greater multiformats registry group; this list of reserved Unicode codepoints may grow in the future to avoid such collisions as other single-byte UTF-8 codes are reserved there.

/ (U+002F) - Separator used by multiaddr.
1 (U+0031) - Base58-encoded identity multihashes used by libp2p peer IDs.
Q (U+0011) - Base58-encoded sha2-256 multihashes used by libp2p/ipfs for peer IDs and CIDv0.

Status

Each multibase encoding has a status:

reserved - for functional reasons or to avoid collisions with other multi-* registries, this registry cannot accept registrations at this code-point and implementing one unregistered is discouraged for interoperability reasons
experimental - these encodings have been proposed but are not widely implemented and may be removed.
draft - these encodings are mature and widely implemented but may not be implemented by all implementations.
final - these encodings should be implemented by all implementations and are widely used.
deprecated - this entry will likely be removed and reassigned in the future and it will not likely become a final registration

Multibase By Example

Consider the following encodings of the same binary string:

4D756C74696261736520697320617765736F6D6521205C6F2F # base16 (hex)
JV2WY5DJMJQXGZJANFZSAYLXMVZW63LFEEQFY3ZP           # base32
3IY8QKL64VUGCX009XWUHKF6GBBTS3TVRXFRA5R            # base36
YAjKoNbau5KiqmHPmSxYCvn66dA1vLmwbt                 # base58
TXVsdGliYXNlIGlzIGF3ZXNvbWUhIFxvLw==               # base64

And consider the same encodings with their multibase prefix

F4D756C74696261736520697320617765736F6D6521205C6F2F # base16 F
BJV2WY5DJMJQXGZJANFZSAYLXMVZW63LFEEQFY3ZP           # base32 B
K3IY8QKL64VUGCX009XWUHKF6GBBTS3TVRXFRA5R            # base36 K
zYAjKoNbau5KiqmHPmSxYCvn66dA1vLmwbt                 # base58 z
MTXVsdGliYXNlIGlzIGF3ZXNvbWUhIFxvLw==               # base64 M

The base prefixes used are: F, B, K, z, M.

FAQ

Is this a real problem?

Yes. If i give you "1214314321432165" is that decimal? or hex? or something else? See also:

Why the strange selection of codes / characters?

The code values are selected such that they are included in the alphabets of the base they represent. For example, f is the base code for base16 (hex), because f is in hex's 16 character alphabet. Note that most of the alphabets used can be encoded in UTF-8, and most but not all can be encoded in ASCII. We have yet not found a case needing something else.

Don't we have to agree on a table of base encodings?

Yes, but we already have to agree on base encodings, so this is not hard. The table even leaves some room for custom encodings and is intended to work both in contexts where the encodings are known or agreed on and open-world or brownfield contexts where these may vary.

Implementations:

go-multibase
kotlin-multibase
js-multibase
cs-multibase
rust-multibase
java-multibase
py-multibase
haskell-multibase
net-ipfs-core
elixir-multibase
scala-multibase
cpp-multibase
ruby-multibase
dart-multibase
yoclib-multibase-php
multibase sub-module of Python module multiformats
Add yours here!

Disclaimers

Warning: obviously multibase changes the first character depending on the encoding. Do not expect the value to be exactly the same. Remove the multibase prefix before using the value.

Contribute

Contributions welcome. Please check out the issues and reading the contributing document for the greater multiformats project before opening your first issue, as the workflow and the relation of multibase to the greater project both benefit from this context. more information on how we work, and about contributing in general.

If you'd like to switch a project over to multibase, whether by creating a new multibase implementation or building on one of those listed above, please file an issue in this repository using the "Interested in implementing" issue template. If would also like to reserve a prefix for compatibility, please file a separate issue in this repository using the "New Registration" issue template.

bumblefudge / multibase