Graphics
1.The Book of Shaders
2.WebGL Programming Guide: Interactive 3D Graphics Programming with WebGL
Physics
1. Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics (SICM)
2.Max Jammer - Concepts of Mass in Contemporary Physics and Philosophy
Consciousness
1.The Case Against Reality: Why Evolution Hid the Truth from Our Eyes
2.Minimal Selfhood and the Origins of Consciousness
3.The Modularity of Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology
AI
Recently, claims have been made that deep learning is capable of solving AI by Google (DeepMind). Likewise, Facebook AI Research (FAIR) and other companies are actively working in the same direction. However, the question is where does this work stand with respect to cognitive architectures? Overall, the DeepMind research addresses a number of important issues in AI, such as natural language understanding, perceptual processing, general learning, and strategies for evaluating artificial intelligence. Although particular models already demonstrate cognitive abilities in limited domains, at this point they do not represent a unified model of intelligence.
1.On Intelligence: How a New Understanding of the Brain Will Lead to the Creation of Truly Intelligent Machines
Hierarchical Temporal Memory | Numenta
On-chip Face Recognition System Design with Memristive Hierarchical Temporal Memory
chapter 1 artificial intelligence
According to Francis Crick, neuroscience was a lot of data without a theory. His exact words were, “what is conspicuously lacking is a broad framework of ideas.”
chapter 2 neural networks
My first criterion was the inclusion of time in brain function. The second criterion was the importance of feedback. The third criterion was that any theory or model of the brain should account for the physical architecture of the brain.
many mainstream cognitive neuroscientists continue to buy into the input-output fallacy. You present a fixed input and see what output you get.
Auto-associative memories hinted at the potential importance of feedback and time-changing inputs.
it seems intuitively obvious that intelligent behavior should be the metric of an intelligent system However, looking across the history of science, we see our intuition is often the biggest obstacle to discovering the truth. e.g. geocentric model -> heliocentrism; theory of evolution
2. Volume 4. Memory Evolutive Systems; Hierarchy, Emergence, Cognition - Series: Studies in Multidisciplinarity
category theoretical formalization to study the behavior of complex dynamic evolutive systems
3. Handbook of Neuroevolution Through Erlang
Complex Systems
1.Ilya Prigogine - Order Out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue with Nature
2.Ilya Prigogine - From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences
3.Erwin Schrodinger - What is Life?
4.Robert M. May - Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems
5.Chen Ping - Metabolic Growth Theory
Metabolic growth theory: market-share competition, learning uncertainty, and technology wavelets
Politics
1.Francis Fukuyama - The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution
2.Samir Amin - Modern Imperialism, Monopoly Finance Capital, and Marx's Law of Value
3.The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion
4.Capital: Volume 1: A Critique of Political Economy
5. The Theory of World System
6. Dependency Theory
Andre Gunder Frank - Dependent Accumulation and Underdevelopment
Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil
World Accumulation (1492 - 1789)
Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism
Samir Amin - The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, 1789–1914
Psychology
1.Max Jakob Lusensky - Brandpsycho: The hidden psychology of brands
Technology
1.W. Brian Arthur - The Nature of Technology: What It Is and How It Evolves
2.A Mind at Play: How Claude Shannon Invented the Information Age
Logic
1.Michael R. Genesereth - Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
9.11 Group Knowledge
- IK, implicit knowledge
- SK, some agent knows
- EK, every agent knows
- CK, common knowledge
EK^2(G, \phi) ~ EK(G, EK(G, \phi)), degree = 2 every agent from a finite group G knows that every agent from G knows statement \phi
CK(G, \phi) = \phi \land EK(G, \phi) \land EK^2(G, \phi) \land ... common knowledge every member of G knows \phi to degree k, for some k >= 1
10 Metaknowledge and Metareasoning 10.7 Bilevel Reasoning 10.8 Reflection
Sci-Fi
1.The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must
Futurology
1.Alvin Toffler - The Third Wave
Math
1. B. A. Davey - Introduction to Lattices and Order
2. Homotopy Type Theory (HoTT) Book
3. Henk Barendregt - Lambda Calculi with Types
2.1 The system
Free and bound variables
- alpha-conversion: rename bound variable
- beta-conversion: substitution
(\x. M)N = M[N/x]
- substitution is only performed in the free occurrences of
x:yx(\x. x)[N/x] = yN(\x. x)
Definition 2.1.1. the set of lambda-terms Notation 2.1.4. definitional equality Definition 2.1.5. the set of free variables
4. Simon Thompson - Type Theory and Functional Programming (TTFP)
Definition 2.4 substitution
5. Robert Harper - Practical Foundations For Programming Languages
6. F. William Lawvere - Conceptual Mathematics: A First Introduction to Categories
7. Douglas R. Hofstadter - Fluid concepts and creative analogies
mountain-chain sequence
8. Picturing Quantum Processes: A First Course in Quantum Theory and Diagrammatic Reasoning
Some process theories we will encounter are:
- functions (types = sets)
- relations (types = sets, again)
- linear maps (types = vector spaces, or Hilbert spaces)
- classical processes (types = classical systems)
- quantum processes (types = quantum and classical systems)
9. Change: Principles of Problem Formation and Problem Resolution
changes
- first-order: Group Theory
- second-order: Type Theory
Myriads of things can be expressed in a language, except statements referring to that language itself. If we want to talk about a language, as linguists and semanticists have to, we need a metalanguage which, in turn, requires a metametalanguage for the expression of its own structure. Very much the same holds for the relation between signs and their meaning.
To confuse method with methodology would produce philosophical nonsense since, as Wittgenstein once said, “philosophical problems arise when language goes on holiday”. Unfortunately, natural language often makes a clear distinction between member and class difficult.
But the formulation that is perhaps most relevant to our subject matter is the one given by Ashby for the cybernetic properties of a machine with input: “It will be seen that the word ‘change’ if applied to such a machine can refer to two very different things. There is the change from state to state, . . . , which is the machine’s behavior , and there is the change from transformation to transformation, . . . , which is a change of its way of behaving, and which occurs at the whim of the experimenter or some outside factor. The distinction is fundamental and must on no account be slighted”.
Group Theory gives us a framework for thinking about the kind of change that can occur within a system that itself stays invariant ; the Theory of Logical Types is not concerned with what goes on inside a class, i.e., between its members, but gives us a frame for considering the relationship between member and class and the peculiar metamorphosis which is in the nature of shifts from one logical level to the next higher. If we accept this basic distinction between the two theories, it follows that there are two different types of change : one that occurs within a given system which itself remains unchanged , and one whose occurrence changes the system itself.
10. David I. Spivak - Category Theory for the Sciences
Philosophy
1.Denis McManus - The Enchantment of Words: Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
2.Frederick Engels - Dialectics of Nature (1883)
The old teleology has gone to the devil, but it is now firmly established that matter in its eternal cycle moves according to laws which at a definite stage – now here, now there – necessarily give rise to the thinking mind in organic beings.
The normal existence of animals is given by the contemporary conditions in which they live and to which they adapt themselves – those of man, as soon as he differentiates himself from the animal in the narrower sense, have as yet never been present, and are only to be elaborated by the ensuing historical development. Man is the sole animal capable of working his way out of the merely animal state – his normal state is one appropriate to his consciousness, one that has to be created by himself.