nVidia CUDA drivers are provided for Ubuntu only. Sadly they will depend on nvidia-settings that in turn depends on a screen-resolution-extra package. This seems to be nothing more but a couple of scripts to provide UI widget for fast screen resolution change. As this package is not available for Debian, cuda-drivers does not install.
This project builds a stub package screen-resolution-extra to satisfy driver package dependencies. However, it does not provide any functionality.
The best way would actually be to create a virtual package, but according to Debian policy, none of the virtual packages are considered if dependency is defined using a concrete version number. This is exactly, what nvidia-settings does. So only solutions would be either to install all the world required by original screen-resolution-extra (and this is indeed a Pandora's Box) or pollute a repository namespace and use a stub package with a same name as its original counterpart.
Please visit http://pkg.baltnet.net for instructions how to configure Baltnet repository. To install the package, run following command:
$ sudo apt install screen-resolution-extra