aryzhov / synchronized_lite

A locking mechanism for Dart analogous to synchronized blocks in Java.

synchronized_lite

A locking mechanism for Dart analogous to Java synchronized blocks. By wrapping asynchronous Dart code with synchronized(), you can ensure mutually-exclusive, sequential execution of otherwise parallel operations.

The design of this package was inspired by package synchronized. In fact, the API provided by synchronized_lite is compatible with synchronized and can be used as a drop-in replacement, except:

• It does not support reenterant locks;
• It does not support timeouts.

Motivation

In some applications, it can be possible to call an asynchronous function repeatedly, which may lead to inconsistent state. The problem gets more complex when several different asynchronous functions change a shared state. I found myself implementing over an over a pattern that involves storing a future of the currently running asynchronous task and waiting on it before initiating another asynchronous task.

I discovered synchronized after implementing my own version and found that my implementation is much simpler. I did performance tests and concluded that it's also faster and uses less memory. I decided to make it available for everyone who doesn't need the bells and whistles of synchronized but wants to enjoy the benefits of synchronized_lite, which are:

• Simple and clear implementation. You can review the code and understand how it works in a few minutes.
• Linear complexity and minimal memory/CPU overhead.

This package will work in a Flutter app and can be useful for ensuring sequential I/O operations such as database updates.

Usage

The example below demonstrates how to ensure that an object is created in the database only once and that incremental save() operations produce a consistent result. Exceptions that occur inside of the synchronized() call get propagated to the caller.

import 'package:synchronized_lite/synchronized_lite.dart';

abstract class FirebasePersistentModel {

  final _saveLock = Lock();
  Map<String, dynamic> _data;
  DocumentReference _docRef;

  Future<DocumentReference> create() async {
    return await _saveLock.synchronized(() async {
      if(_docRef != null)
        return _docRef;
      _data = _createData();
      _docRef = await _collectionRef.add(_data);
      return _docRef;
    });
  }

  Future<bool> save() async {
    return await _saveLock.synchronized<bool>(() async {
      if(_docRef == null)
        throw Exception("Model has not been created");
      Map<String, dynamic> newData = _createData();
      Map<String, dynamic> changes = getChanges(newData, _data);
      if(changes.length == 0)
        return false;
      await _docRef.setData(changes, merge: true);
      _data = newData;
      return true;
    });
  }

  // implementations of _createData(), getChanges() and other details
  // are omitted in this example.
}

Please note that nested synchronized() calls on the same lock will produce a deadlock. Such behavior is precisely what distinguishes non-reenterant locks from reenterant locks, and synchronized_lite locks are non-reenterant:

import 'package:synchronized_lite/synchronized_lite.dart';

main() async {
  var lock = Lock();
  await lock.synchronized(() async {
    await lock.synchronized(() async {
      // This will never be executed
      print("It works!");
    });
  });
}

Another example of using synchronized() is provided in the /example folder, which uses a Lock object as a mixin, making synchronized blocks look more Java-like, if you prefer.

If you still need more details, synchronized package documentation also has a thorough explanation on how synchronized() blocks work.

Implementation

Below is the entire source code of this package:

library synchronized_lite;

import 'dart:async';

class Lock {

  Future _last;

  Future<T> synchronized<T>(FutureOr<T> func()) async {
    final prev = _last;
    final completer = Completer();
    _last = completer.future;
    if(prev != null)
      await prev;
    try {
      return await func();
    } finally {
      completer.complete();
    }
  }

}

Testing

I wrote unit tests that ensure synchronized_lite works as expected. I verified that it behaves identically to synchronized by running the same tests against the synchronized implementation. Below is the output:

00:00 +0: Without synchronized(), all incrementers run concurrently
00:00 +1: With synchronized(), all incrementers run sequentially
00:00 +2: Non-async functions work correctly with synchronized()
00:00 +3: Exceptions are propagated
00:00 +4: All tests passed!