Money implements a set of functions to store, retrieve and perform arithmetic
on a %Money{}
type that is composed of a currency code and a currency amount.
Money is opinionated in the interests of serving as a dependable library that can underpin accounting and financial applications. In its initial release it can be expected that this contract may not be fully met.
How is this opinion expressed?
-
Money must always have both a amount and a currency code.
-
The currency code must always be a valid ISO4217 code.
-
Money arithmetic can only be performed when both operands are of the same currency.
-
Money amounts are represented as a
Decimal
. -
Money can be serialised to the database as a composite Postgres type that includes both the amount and the currency. Therefore for Ecto serialization Postgres is assumed as the data store. Serialization is entirely optional.
-
All arithmetic functions work on a
Decimal
. No rounding occurs automatically (unless expressly called out for a function, as is the case forMoney.split/2
). -
Explicit rounding obeys the rounding rules for a given currency. The rounding rules are defined by the Unicode consortium in its CLDR repository as implemented by the hex package
ex_cldr
. These rules define the number of fractional digits for a currency and the rounding increment where appropriate. -
Money output string formatting output using the hex package ex_cldr that correctly rounds to the appropriate number of fractional digits and to the correct rounding increment for currencies that have minimum cash increments (like the Swiss Franc and Australian Dollar)
Money includes a process to retrieve exchange rates on a periodic basis. These exchange rates can then be used to support currency conversion. This service is not started by default. If started it will attempt to retrieve exchange rates every 5 minutes.
By default, exchange rates are retrieved from Open Exchange Rates however any module that conforms to the Money.ExchangeRates
behaviour can be configured.
An optional callback module can be defined. This module defines a rates_retrieved/2
function that is invoked upon every successful retrieval of exchange rates.
Money
provides a set of configuration keys to customize behaviour. The default configuration is:
config :ex_money,
exchange_rate_service: false,
exchange_rates_retrieve_every: 360_000,
api_module: Money.ExchangeRates.OpenExchangeRates,
open_exchange_rates_app_id: nil,
callback_module: Money.ExchangeRates.Callback,
log_failure: :warn,
log_info: :info,
log_success: nil
These keys are are defined as follows:
-
exchange_rate_service
is a boolean that determines whether to start the exchange rate retrieval service. The default itfalse
. -
exchange_rates_retrieve_every
defines how often the exchange rates are retrieved in milliseconds. The default is 5 minutes (360,000 milliseconds) -
api_module
identifies the module that does the retrieval of exchange rates. This is any module that implements theMoney.ExchangeRates
behaviour. The default isMoney.ExchangeRates.OpenExchangeRates
-
open_exchange_rates_app_id
defines theapp_id
that is required to use the Open Exchange Rates api -
callback_module
defines a module that follows theMoney.ExchangeRates.Callback
behaviour whereby the functionrates_retrieved/2
is invoked after every successful retrieval of exchange rates. The default isMoney.ExchangeRates.Callback
. -
log_failure
defines the log level at which api retrieval errors are logged. The default is:warn
-
log_success
defines the log level at which successful api retrieval notifications are logged. The default isnil
which means no logging. -
log_info
defines the log level at which service startup messages are logged. The default isinfo
.
Keys can also be configured to retrieve values from environment variables. This lookup is done at runtime to facilitate deployment strategies. If the value of a configuration key is {:system, "some_string"}
then "some_string"
is interpreted as an environment variable name which is passed to System.get_env/2
. An example configuration might be:
config :ex_money,
exchange_rate_service: {:system, "RATE_SERVICE"},
exchange_rates_retrieve_every: {:system, "RETRIEVE_EVERY"},
open_exchange_rates_app_id: {:system, "OPEN_EXCHANGE_RATES_APP_ID"}
-
Fully localized formatting and rounding using ex_cldr
-
Provides serialization to Postgres using a composite type and MySQL using a JSON type that keeps both the currency code and the amount together removing a source of potential error
-
Uses the
Decimal
type in Elixir and the Postgresnumeric
type to preserve precision. For MySQL the amount is serialised as a string to preserve precision that might otherwise be lost if stored as a JSON numeric type (which is either an integer or a float) -
Includes a set of financial calculations (arithmetic and cash flow calculations) that follow solid rounding rules
iex> Money.new(:USD, 100)
#Money<:USD, 100>
iex> Money.new("CHF", 130.02)
#Money<:CHF, 130.02>
iex> Money.new("thb", 11)
#Money<:THB, 11>
The canonical representation of a currency code is an atom
that is a valid
ISO4217 currency code. The amount of a %Money{}
is represented by a Decimal
.
An optional sigil module is available to aid in creating %Money{} structs. It needs to be imported before use:
import Money.Sigil
~M[100]USD
#> #Money<:USD, 100>
See also Money.to_string/2
and Cldr.Number.to_string/2
):
iex> Money.to_string Money.new("thb", 11)
"THB11.00"
iex> Money.to_string Money.new("USD", 234.467)
"$234.47"
iex> Money.to_string Money.new("USD", 234.467), format: :long
"234.47 US dollars"
Note that the output is influenced by the locale in effect. By default the localed used is that returned by Cldr.get_local/0
. Its default value is "en". Additional locales can be configured, see Cldr
. The formatting options are defined in Cldr.Number.to_string/2
.
See also the module Money.Arithmetic
:
iex> m1 = Money.new(:USD, 100)
#Money<:USD, 100>
iex> m2 = Money.new(:USD, 200)
#Money<:USD, 200>
iex> Money.add(m1, m2)
#Money<:USD, 300>
iex> m3 = Money.new(:AUD, 300)
#Money<:AUD, 300>
iex(11)> Money.add(m1, m3)
** (ArgumentError) Cannot add two %Money{} with different currencies. Received :USD and :AUD.
(ex_money) lib/money.ex:46: Money.add/2
# Split a %Money{} returning the a dividend and a remainder. All
# operations respect the number of fractional digits defined for a currency
iex> m1 = Money.new(:USD, 100)
#Money<:USD, 100>
iex> Money.split(m1, 3)
{#Money<:USD, 33.33>, #Money<:USD, 0.01>}
# Rounding applies the currency definitions of CLDR as implemented in
# the hex package [ex_cldr](https://hex.pm/packages/ex_cldr)
iex> Money.round Money.new(:USD, 100.678)
#Money<:USD, 100.68>
iex> Money.round Money.new(:JPY, 100.678)
#Money<:JPY, 101>
A %Money{}
struct can be converted to another currency using Money.to_currency/3
. For example:
iex> Money.to_currency Money.new(:USD,100), :AUD
#Money<:AUD, 136.4300>
iex> Money.to_currency Money.new(:USD,100), :ZIP
** (Money.UnknownCurrencyError) The currency code :ZIP is not known
iex> Money.to_currency Money.new(:USD,100), :XXX
** (Money.ExchangeRateError) No exchange rate is available for currency :XXX
A user-defined map of exchange rates can also be supplied:
iex> Money.to_currency Money.new(:USD,100), :AUD, %{USD: Decimal.new(1.0), AUD: Decimal.new(1.3)}
#Money<:AUD, 130>
A set of financial functions are available in the module Money.Financial
. These are use
d in the Money
module. See Money
for the available functions.
First generate the migration to create the custom type:
mix money.gen.migration
* creating priv/repo/migrations
* creating priv/repo/migrations/20161007234652_add_money_with_currency_type_to_postgres.exs
Then migrate the database:
mix ecto.migrate
07:09:28.637 [info] == Running MoneyTest.Repo.Migrations.AddMoneyWithCurrencyTypeToPostgres.up/0 forward
07:09:28.640 [info] execute "CREATE TYPE public.money_with_currency AS (currency_code char(3), amount numeric(20,8))"
07:09:28.647 [info] == Migrated in 0.0s
Create your database migration with the new type (don't forget to mix ecto.migrate
as well):
defmodule MoneyTest.Repo.Migrations.CreateLedger do
use Ecto.Migration
def change do
create table(:ledgers) do
add :amount, :money_with_currency
timestamps()
end
end
end
Create your schema using the Money.Ecto.Composite.Type
ecto type:
defmodule Ledger do
use Ecto.Schema
schema "ledgers" do
field :amount, Money.Ecto.Composite.Type
timestamps()
end
end
Insert into the database:
iex> Repo.insert %Ledger{amount: Money.new(:USD, 100)}
[debug] QUERY OK db=4.5ms
INSERT INTO "ledgers" ("amount","inserted_at","updated_at") VALUES ($1,$2,$3)
[{"USD", #Decimal<100>}, {{2016, 10, 7}, {23, 12, 13, 0}}, {{2016, 10, 7}, {23, 12, 13, 0}}]
Retrieve from the database:
iex> Repo.all Ledger
[debug] QUERY OK source="ledgers" db=5.3ms decode=0.1ms queue=0.1ms
SELECT l0."amount", l0."inserted_at", l0."updated_at" FROM "ledgers" AS l0 []
[%Ledger{__meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "ledgers">, amount: #<:USD, 100.00000000>,
inserted_at: ~N[2017-02-21 00:15:40.979576],
updated_at: ~N[2017-02-21 00:15:40.991391]}]
Since MySQL does not support composite types, the :map
type is used which in MySQL is implemented as a JSON
column. The currency code and amount are serialised into this column.
defmodule MoneyTest.Repo.Migrations.CreateLedger do
use Ecto.Migration
def change do
create table(:ledgers) do
add :amount, :map
timestamps()
end
end
end
Create your schema using the Money.Ecto.Map.Type
ecto type:
defmodule Ledger do
use Ecto.Schema
schema "ledgers" do
field :amount, Money.Ecto.Map.Type
timestamps()
end
end
Insert into the database:
iex> Repo.insert %Ledger{amount_map: Money.new(:USD, 100)}
[debug] QUERY OK db=25.8ms
INSERT INTO "ledgers" ("amount_map","inserted_at","updated_at") VALUES ($1,$2,$3)
RETURNING "id" [%{amount: "100", currency: "USD"},
{{2017, 2, 21}, {0, 15, 40, 979576}}, {{2017, 2, 21}, {0, 15, 40, 991391}}]
{:ok,
%MoneyTest.Thing{__meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "ledgers">,
amount: nil, amount_map: #Money<:USD, 100>, id: 3,
inserted_at: ~N[2017-02-21 00:15:40.979576],
updated_at: ~N[2017-02-21 00:15:40.991391]}}
Retrieve from the database:
iex> Repo.all Ledger
[debug] QUERY OK source="ledgers" db=16.1ms decode=0.1ms
SELECT t0."id", t0."amount_map", t0."inserted_at", t0."updated_at" FROM "ledgers" AS t0 []
[%Ledger{__meta__: #Ecto.Schema.Metadata<:loaded, "ledgers">,
amount_map: #Money<:USD, 100>, id: 3,
inserted_at: ~N[2017-02-21 00:15:40.979576],
updated_at: ~N[2017-02-21 00:15:40.991391]}]
-
In order to preserve precision of the decimal amount, the amount part of the
%Money{}
struct is serialised as a string. This is done because JSON serializes numeric values as eitherinteger
orfloat
, neither of which would not preserve precision of a decimal value. -
The precision of the serialized string value of amount is affected by the setting of
Decimal.get_context
. The default is 28 digits which should cater for your requirements. -
Serializing the amount as a string means that SQL query arithmetic and equality operators will not work as expected. You may find that
CAST
ing the string value will restore some of that functionality. For example:
CAST(JSON_EXTRACT(amount_map, '$.amount') AS DECIMAL(20, 8)) AS amount;
The next phase of development will focus on additional financial functions.
ex_money can be installed by:
- Adding
ex_money
to your list of dependencies inmix.exs
:
def deps do
[{:ex_money, "~> 0.1.1"}]
end
- Ensuring
ex_money
is started before your application:
def application do
[applications: [:ex_money]]
end