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SeaweedFS is a simple and highly scalable distributed file system. There are two objectives:
- to store billions of files!
- to serve the files fast!
SeaweedFS started as an Object Store to handle small files efficiently. Instead of managing all file metadata in a central master, the central master only manages file volumes, and it lets these volume servers manage files and their metadata. This relieves concurrency pressure from the central master and spreads file metadata into volume servers, allowing faster file access (just one disk read operation).
There is only a 40 bytes disk storage overhead for each file's metadata. It is so simple with O(1) disk read that you are welcome to challenge the performance with your actual use cases.
SeaweedFS started by implementing Facebook's Haystack design paper.
SeaweedFS can work very well with just the object store. [Filer] is added later to support directories and POSIX attributes. Filer is a separate linearly-scalable stateless server with customizable metadata stores, e.g., MySql/Postgres/Redis/Cassandra/LevelDB.
- Can choose no replication or different replication level, rack and data center aware
- Automatic master servers failover - no single point of failure (SPOF)
- Automatic Gzip compression depending on file mime type
- Automatic compaction to reclaimed disk spaces after deletion or update
- Servers in the same cluster can have different disk spaces, file systems, OS etc.
- Adding/Removing servers does not cause any data re-balancing
- Optional filer server provides "normal" directories and files via http
- Optionally mount filer to read and write directly
- Optionally fix the orientation for jpeg pictures
- Support Etag, Accept-Range, Last-Modified, etc.
- Support in-memory/leveldb/boltdb/btree mode tuning for memory/performance balance.
By default, the master node runs on port 9333, and the volume nodes run on port 8080. Here I will start one master node, and two volume nodes on port 8080 and 8081. Ideally, they should be started from different machines. I just use localhost as an example.
SeaweedFS uses HTTP REST operations to write, read, delete. The responses are in JSON or JSONP format.
> ./weed master
> weed volume -dir="/tmp/data1" -max=5 -mserver="localhost:9333" -port=8080 &
> weed volume -dir="/tmp/data2" -max=10 -mserver="localhost:9333" -port=8081 &
To upload a file: first, send a HTTP POST, PUT, or GET request to /dir/assign to get an fid and a volume server url:
> curl -X POST http://localhost:9333/dir/assign
{"count":1,"fid":"3,01637037d6","url":"127.0.0.1:8080","publicUrl":"localhost:8080"}
Second, to store the file content, send a HTTP multi-part PUT or POST request to url + '/' + fid from the response:
> curl -X PUT -F file=@/home/chris/myphoto.jpg http://127.0.0.1:8080/3,01637037d6
{"size": 43234}
To update, send another PUT or POST request with updated file content.
For deletion, send an HTTP DELETE request to the same url + '/' + fid URL:
> curl -X DELETE http://127.0.0.1:8080/3,01637037d6
Now you can save the fid, 3,01637037d6 in this case, to a database field.
The number 3 at the start represents a volume id. After the comma, it's one file key, 01, and a file cookie, 637037d6.
The volume id is an unsigned 32-bit integer. The file key is an unsigned 64-bit integer. The file cookie is an unsigned 32-bit integer, used to prevent URL guessing.
The file key and file cookie are both coded in hex. You can store the <volume id, file key, file cookie> tuple in your own format, or simply store the fid as string.
If stored as a string, in theory, you would need 8+1+16+8=33 bytes. A char(33) would be enough, if not more than enough, since most usage would not need 2^32 volumes.
If space is really a concern, you can store the file id in your own format. You would need one 4-byte integer for volume id, 8-byte long number for file key, 4-byte integer for file cookie. So 16 bytes are more than enough.
Here is an example of how to render the URL.
First look up the volume server's URLs by the file's volumeId:
> curl http://localhost:9333/dir/lookup?volumeId=3
{"locations":[{"publicUrl":"localhost:8080","url":"localhost:8080"}]}
Since (usually) there are not too many volume servers, and volumes don't move often, you can cache the results most of the time. Depending on the replication type, one volume can have multiple replica locations. Just randomly pick one location to read.
Now you can take the public url, render the url or directly read from the volume server via url:
http://localhost:8080/3,01637037d6.jpg
Notice we add a file extension ".jpg" here. It's optional and just one way for the client to specify the file content type.
If you want a nicer URL, you can use one of these alternative URL formats:
http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6/my_preferred_name.jpg
http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg
http://localhost:8080/3,01637037d6.jpg
http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6
http://localhost:8080/3,01637037d6
If you want to get a scaled version of an image, you can add some params:
http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg?height=200&width=200
http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg?height=200&width=200&mode=fit
http://localhost:8080/3/01637037d6.jpg?height=200&width=200&mode=fill
SeaweedFS applies the replication strategy at a volume level. So, when you are getting a file id, you can specify the replication strategy. For example:
curl -X POST http://localhost:9333/dir/assign?replication=001
The replication parameter options are:
000: no replication
001: replicate once on the same rack
010: replicate once on a different rack, but same data center
100: replicate once on a different data center
200: replicate twice on two different data center
110: replicate once on a different rack, and once on a different data center
More details about replication can be found on the wiki.
You can also set the default replication strategy when starting the master server.
Volume servers can start with a specific data center name:
weed volume -dir=/tmp/1 -port=8080 -dataCenter=dc1
weed volume -dir=/tmp/2 -port=8081 -dataCenter=dc2
When requesting a file key, an optional "dataCenter" parameter can limit the assigned volume to the specific data center. For example, this specifies that the assigned volume should be limited to 'dc1':
http://localhost:9333/dir/assign?dataCenter=dc1
- No Single Point of Failure
- Insert with your own keys
- Chunking large files
- Collection as a Simple Name Space
Usually distributed file systems split each file into chunks, a central master keeps a mapping of filenames, chunk indices to chunk handles, and also which chunks each chunk server has.
The main drawback is that the central master can't handle many small files efficiently, and since all read requests need to go through the chunk master, might not scale well for many concurrent users.
Instead of managing chunks, SeaweedFS manages data volumes in the master server. Each data volume is size 32GB, and can hold a lot of files. And each storage node can have many data volumes. So the master node only needs to store the metadata about the volumes, which is fairly small amount of data and is generally stable.
The actual file metadata is stored in each volume on volume servers. Since each volume server only manages metadata of files on its own disk, with only 16 bytes for each file, all file access can read file metadata just from memory and only needs one disk operation to actually read file data.
For comparison, consider that an xfs inode structure in Linux is 536 bytes.
The architecture is fairly simple. The actual data is stored in volumes on storage nodes. One volume server can have multiple volumes, and can both support read and write access with basic authentication.
All volumes are managed by a master server. The master server contains volume id to volume server mapping. This is fairly static information, and could be cached easily.
On each write request, the master server also generates a file key, which is a growing 64-bit unsigned integer. Since write requests are not generally as frequent as read requests, one master server should be able to handle the concurrency well.
When a client sends a write request, the master server returns (volume id, file key, file cookie, volume node url) for the file. The client then contacts the volume node and POSTs the file content.
When a client needs to read a file based on (volume id, file key, file cookie), it can ask the master server by the volume id for the (volume node url, volume node public url), or retrieve this from a cache. Then the client can GET the content, or just render the URL on web pages and let browsers fetch the content.
Please see the example for details on the write-read process.
In the current implementation, each volume can be 8x2^32 bytes (32GiB). This is because of we align content to 8 bytes. We can easily increase this to 64G, or 128G, or more, by changing 2 lines of code, at the cost of some wasted padding space due to alignment.
There can be 2^32 volumes. So total system size is 8 x 2^32 bytes x 2^32 = 8 x 4GiB x 4Gi = 128EiB (2^67 bytes, or 128 exbibytes).
Each individual file size is limited to the volume size.
All file meta information on volume server is readable from memory without disk access. Each file just takes an 16-byte map entry of <64bit key, 32bit offset, 32bit size>. Of course, each map entry has its own the space cost for the map. But usually the disk runs out before the memory does.
Most other distributed file systems seem more complicated than necessary.
Ceph can be setup similar to SeaweedFS as a key->blob store. It is much more complicated, with the need to support layers on top of it. Here is a more detailed comparison
SeaweedFS is meant to be fast and simple, both during usage and during setup. If you do not understand how it works when you reach here, we failed! Please raise an issue with any questions or update this file with clarifications.
SeaweedFS has a centralized master to look up free volumes, while Ceph uses hashing to locate its objects. Having a centralized master makes it easy to code and manage. HDFS/GFS has the single name node for years. SeaweedFS now support multiple master nodes.
Ceph hashing avoids SPOF, but makes it complicated when moving or adding servers.
HDFS uses the chunk approach for each file, and is ideal for storing large files.
SeaweedFS is ideal for serving relatively smaller files quickly and concurrently.
SeaweedFS can also store extra large files by splitting them into manageable data chunks, and store the file ids of the data chunks into a meta chunk. This is managed by "weed upload/download" tool, and the weed master or volume servers are agnostic about it.
The architectures are mostly the same. SeaweedFS aims to store and read files fast, with a simple and flat architecture. The main differences are
- SeaweedFS optimizes for small files, ensuring O(1) disk seek operation, and can also handle large files.
- SeaweedFS statically assign a volume id for a file. Locating file content becomes just a lookup of the volume id, which can be easily cached.
- SeaweedFS Filer metadata store can be any well-known and proven data stores, e.g., Cassandra, Redis, MySql, PostGres, etc, and is easy to customized.
- SeaweedFS Volume server also communicate directly with clients via HTTP, supporting range queries, direct uploads, etc.
| System | File Meta | File Content Read | POSIX | REST API | Optimized for small files |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SeaweedFS | lookup volume id, cacheable | O(1) disk seek | Yes | Yes | |
| SeaweedFS Filer | Linearly Scalable, Customizable | O(1) disk seek | FUSE | Yes | Yes |
| GlusterFS | hashing | FUSE, NFS | |||
| Ceph | hashing + rules | FUSE | Yes |
GlusterFS stores files, both directories and content, in configurable volumes called "bricks".
GlusterFS hashes the path and filename into ids, and assigned to virtual volumes, and then mapped to "bricks".
Same as SeaweedFS, Ceph is also based on a object store RADOS. Ceph is rather complicated with mixed reviews.
Ceph uses CRUSH hashing to automatically manage the data placement. SeaweedFS places data by assigned volumes.
| SeaweedFS | comparable to Ceph | advantage |
|---|---|---|
| Master | MDS | simpler |
| Volume | OSD | optimized for small files |
| Filer | Ceph FS | linearly scalable, Customizable, O(1) or O(logN) |
More tools and documentation, on how to maintain and scale the system. For example, how to move volumes, automatically balancing data, how to grow volumes, how to check system status, etc. Other key features include: Erasure Encoding, support S3 API, JWT security.
This is a super exciting project! And I need helpers and support!
step 1: install go on your machine and setup the environment by following the instructions from the following link:
https://golang.org/doc/install
make sure you set up your $GOPATH
step 2: also you may need to install Mercurial by following the instructions below
http://mercurial.selenic.com/downloads
step 3: download, compile, and install the project by executing the following command
go get github.com/chrislusf/seaweedfs/weed
once this is done, you should see the executable "weed" under $GOPATH/bin
step 4: after you modify your code locally, you could start a local build by calling "go install" under $GOPATH/src/github.com/chrislusf/seaweedfs/weed
When testing read performance on SeaweedFS, it basically becomes performance test for your hard drive's random read speed. Hard Drive usually get 100MB/s~200MB/s.
To modify or delete small files, SSD must delete a whole block at a time, and move content in existing blocks to a new block. SSD is fast when brand new, but will get fragmented over time and you have to garbage collect, compacting blocks. SeaweedFS is friendly to SSD since it is append-only. Deletion and compaction are done on volume level in the background, not slowing reading and not causing fragmentation.
My Own Unscientific Single Machine Results on Mac Book with Solid State Disk, CPU: 1 Intel Core i7 2.6GHz.
Write 1 million 1KB file:
Concurrency Level: 16
Time taken for tests: 88.796 seconds
Complete requests: 1048576
Failed requests: 0
Total transferred: 1106764659 bytes
Requests per second: 11808.87 [#/sec]
Transfer rate: 12172.05 [Kbytes/sec]
Connection Times (ms)
min avg max std
Total: 0.2 1.3 44.8 0.9
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
50% 1.1 ms
66% 1.3 ms
75% 1.5 ms
80% 1.7 ms
90% 2.1 ms
95% 2.6 ms
98% 3.7 ms
99% 4.6 ms
100% 44.8 ms
Randomly read 1 million files:
Concurrency Level: 16
Time taken for tests: 34.263 seconds
Complete requests: 1048576
Failed requests: 0
Total transferred: 1106762945 bytes
Requests per second: 30603.34 [#/sec]
Transfer rate: 31544.49 [Kbytes/sec]
Connection Times (ms)
min avg max std
Total: 0.0 0.5 20.7 0.7
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
50% 0.4 ms
75% 0.5 ms
95% 0.6 ms
98% 0.8 ms
99% 1.2 ms
100% 20.7 ms
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.