IPFS-Practical

Now its time for you to launch your own NFT collection and store its metadata on IPFS

Requirements

There should only exist 10 LearnWeb3 Punk NFT's and each one of them should be unique.
User's should be able to mint only 1 NFT with one transaction.
The metadata for the NFT's should be stored on IPFS
There should be a website for your NFT Collection.
The NFT contract should be deployed on Mumbai testnet

Lets start building 🚀

Prerequisites

You should have completed the IPFS Theory tutorial

Build

IPFS

Now its time for us to upload our files to ipfs
We would be using a service called Pinata which will help us to pin content on IPFS
Go to Pinata Dashboard and click on Upload and then on Folder
Download the LW3Punks folder to your computer and then upload to it Pinata, name the folder LW3Punks
Now you should be able to see a CID for your folder, Awesome!
You can check that it actually got uploaded to IPFS is by opening this up: https://ipfs.io/ipfs/your-nft-folder-cid replace your-nft-folder-cid with the CID you recieved from pinata.
The images for your NFT's have now been uploaded to IPFS but just having images is not enough, each NFT should also have associated metadata

We will now upload metadata for each NFT to IPFS, each metadata file will be a json file. Example for metadata of NFT 1 has been given below:

{
 "name":"1",
 "description":"NFT Collection for LearnWeb3 Students",
 "image":"ipfs://QmQBHarz2WFczTjz5GnhjHrbUPDnB48W5BM2v2h6HbE1rZ/1.png"
}

Note how "image" has ipfs location in it instead of an https url. Also note that because you uploaded a folder, you will also need to specify which file within the folder has the correct image for the given NFT. Thus in our case the correct way to specify the location for an NFT image would be ipfs://CID-OF-THE-LW3Punks-Folder/NFT-NAME.png
We have pre-generated files for metadata for you, you can download them to your computer from here, upload these files to pinata and name the folder metadata
Now each NFT's metadata has been uploaded to IPFS and pinata should have generated a CID for your metadata folder
You can check that it actually got uploaded to IPFS is by opening this up: https://ipfs.io/ipfs/your-metadata-folder-cid replace your-metadata-folder-cid with the CID you recieved from pinata.
Copy this CID and store it on your notepad, you will need this futher down in the tutorial

Contract

Its time to write our contract 🥳
We will also be using Ownable.sol from Openzeppelin which helps you manage the Ownership of a contract
- By default, the owner of an Ownable contract is the account that deployed it, which is usually exactly what you want.
- Ownable also lets you:
  - transferOwnership from the owner account to a new one, and
  - renounceOwnership for the owner to relinquish this administrative privilege, a common pattern after an initial stage with centralized administration is over.
We would also be using an extension of ERC721 known as ERC721 Enumerable
- ERC721 Enumerable is helps you to keep track of all the tokenIds in the contract and also the tokensIds held by an address for a given contract.
- Please have a look at the functions it implements before moving ahead

To build the smart contract we would be using Hardhat. Hardhat is an Ethereum development environment and framework designed for full stack development in Solidity. In simple words you can write your smart contract, deploy them, run tests, and debug your code.

To setup a Hardhat project, Open up a terminal and execute these commands

mkdir hardhat-tutorial
cd hardhat-tutorial
npm init --yes
npm install --save-dev hardhat

In the same directory where you installed Hardhat run:
```
npx hardhat
```
- Select Create a Javascript project
- Press enter for the already specified Hardhat Project root
- Press enter for the question on if you want to add a .gitignore
- Press enter for Do you want to install this sample project's dependencies with npm (@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox)?

Now you have a hardhat project ready to go!

If you are not on mac, please do this extra step and install these libraries as well :)

npm install --save-dev @nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox

and press enter for all the questions.

In the same terminal now install @openzeppelin/contracts as we would be importing Openzeppelin's ERC721Enumerable Contract in our LW3Punks contract.
```
npm install @openzeppelin/contracts
```

Now lets create a new file inside the contracts directory and call it LW3Punks.sol

    // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
    pragma solidity ^0.8.4;

    import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/extensions/ERC721Enumerable.sol";
    import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";
    import "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Strings.sol";

    contract LW3Punks is ERC721Enumerable, Ownable {
        using Strings for uint256;
        /**
         * @dev _baseTokenURI for computing {tokenURI}. If set, the resulting URI for each
         * token will be the concatenation of the `baseURI` and the `tokenId`.
         */
        string _baseTokenURI;

        //  _price is the price of one LW3Punks NFT
        uint256 public _price = 0.01 ether;

        // _paused is used to pause the contract in case of an emergency
        bool public _paused;

        // max number of LW3Punks
        uint256 public maxTokenIds = 10;

        // total number of tokenIds minted
        uint256 public tokenIds;

        modifier onlyWhenNotPaused {
            require(!_paused, "Contract currently paused");
            _;
        }

        /**
         * @dev ERC721 constructor takes in a `name` and a `symbol` to the token collection.
         * name in our case is `LW3Punks` and symbol is `LW3P`.
         * Constructor for LW3P takes in the baseURI to set _baseTokenURI for the collection.
         */
        constructor (string memory baseURI) ERC721("LW3Punks", "LW3P") {
            _baseTokenURI = baseURI;
        }

        /**
        * @dev mint allows an user to mint 1 NFT per transaction.
        */
        function mint() public payable onlyWhenNotPaused {
            require(tokenIds < maxTokenIds, "Exceed maximum LW3Punks supply");
            require(msg.value >= _price, "Ether sent is not correct");
            tokenIds += 1;
            _safeMint(msg.sender, tokenIds);
        }

        /**
        * @dev _baseURI overides the Openzeppelin's ERC721 implementation which by default
        * returned an empty string for the baseURI
        */
        function _baseURI() internal view virtual override returns (string memory) {
            return _baseTokenURI;
        }

        /**
        * @dev tokenURI overides the Openzeppelin's ERC721 implementation for tokenURI function
        * This function returns the URI from where we can extract the metadata for a given tokenId
        */
        function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
            require(_exists(tokenId), "ERC721Metadata: URI query for nonexistent token");

            string memory baseURI = _baseURI();
            // Here it checks if the length of the baseURI is greater than 0, if it is return the baseURI and attach
            // the tokenId and `.json` to it so that it knows the location of the metadata json file for a given 
            // tokenId stored on IPFS
            // If baseURI is empty return an empty string
            return bytes(baseURI).length > 0 ? string(abi.encodePacked(baseURI, tokenId.toString(), ".json")) : "";
        }

        /**
        * @dev setPaused makes the contract paused or unpaused
         */
        function setPaused(bool val) public onlyOwner {
            _paused = val;
        }

        /**
        * @dev withdraw sends all the ether in the contract 
        * to the owner of the contract
         */
        function withdraw() public onlyOwner  {
            address _owner = owner();
            uint256 amount = address(this).balance;
            (bool sent, ) =  _owner.call{value: amount}("");
            require(sent, "Failed to send Ether");
        }

         // Function to receive Ether. msg.data must be empty
        receive() external payable {}

        // Fallback function is called when msg.data is not empty
        fallback() external payable {}
    }

Now we would install dotenv package to be able to import the env file and use it in our config. Open up a terminal pointing athardhat-tutorial directory and execute this command
```
npm install dotenv
```

Now create a .env file in the hardhat-tutorial folder and add the following lines, use the instructions in the comments to get your ALCHEMY_API_KEY_URL and MUMBAI_PRIVATE_KEY.If you dont have Mumbai on MetaMask, you can follow this to add it to your MetaMask, make sure that the account from which you get your mumbai private key is funded with mumbai matic, you can get some from here.

// Go to https://www.alchemyapi.io, sign up, create
// a new App in its dashboard and select the chain as Polygon and network as Mumbai, and replace "add-the-alchemy-key-url-here" with its key url
ALCHEMY_API_KEY_URL="add-the-alchemy-key-url-here"

// Replace this private key with your MUMBAI account private key
// To export your private key from Metamask, open Metamask and
// go to Account Details > Export Private Key
// Be aware of NEVER putting real Ether into testing accounts
MUMBAI_PRIVATE_KEY="add-the-mumbai-private-key-here"

Lets deploy the contract to mumbai network. Create a new file, or replace the existing default one, named deploy.js under the scripts folder. Remember to replace YOUR-METADATA-CID with the CID you saved to your notepad.

const { ethers } = require("hardhat");
require("dotenv").config({ path: ".env" });

async function main() {
  // URL from where we can extract the metadata for a LW3Punks
  const metadataURL = "ipfs://YOUR-METADATA-CID/";
  /*
  A ContractFactory in ethers.js is an abstraction used to deploy new smart contracts,
  so lw3PunksContract here is a factory for instances of our LW3Punks contract.
  */
  const lw3PunksContract = await ethers.getContractFactory("LW3Punks");

  // deploy the contract
  const deployedLW3PunksContract = await lw3PunksContract.deploy(metadataURL);

  await deployedLW3PunksContract.deployed();

  // print the address of the deployed contract
  console.log("LW3Punks Contract Address:", deployedLW3PunksContract.address);
}

// Call the main function and catch if there is any error
main()
  .then(() => process.exit(0))
  .catch((error) => {
    console.error(error);
    process.exit(1);
  });

Now open the hardhat.config.js file, we would add the mumbai network here so that we can deploy our contract to mumbai. Replace all the lines in the hardhat.config.js file with the given below lines

require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox");
require("dotenv").config({ path: ".env" });

const ALCHEMY_API_KEY_URL = process.env.ALCHEMY_API_KEY_URL;

const MUMBAI_PRIVATE_KEY = process.env.MUMBAI_PRIVATE_KEY;

module.exports = {
  solidity: "0.8.4",
  networks: {
    mumbai: {
      url: ALCHEMY_API_KEY_URL,
      accounts: [MUMBAI_PRIVATE_KEY],
    },
  },
};

Compile the contract, open up a terminal pointing athardhat-tutorial directory and execute this command
```
  npx hardhat compile
```
To deploy, open up a terminal pointing athardhat-tutorial directory and execute this command
```
  npx hardhat run scripts/deploy.js --network mumbai
```
Save the LW3Punks contract address that was printed on your terminal in your notepad, you would need it futher down in the tutorial.

Website

To develop the website we would be using React and Next Js. React is a javascript framework which is used to make websites and Next Js is built on top of React.
First, You would need to create a new next app. Your folder structure should look something like
```
   - IPFS-Practical
       - hardhat-tutorial
       - my-app
```
To create this my-app, in the terminal point to NFT-Collection folder and type
```
  npx create-next-app@latest
```
and press enter for all the questions
Now to run the app, execute these commands in the terminal
```
cd my-app
npm run dev
```
Now go to http://localhost:3000, your app should be running 🤘
Now lets install Web3Modal library(https://github.com/Web3Modal/web3modal). Web3Modal is an easy-to-use library to help developers add support for multiple providers in their apps with a simple customizable configuration. By default Web3Modal Library supports injected providers like (Metamask, Dapper, Gnosis Safe, Frame, Web3 Browsers, etc), You can also easily configure the library to support Portis, Fortmatic, Squarelink, Torus, Authereum, D'CENT Wallet and Arkane. Open up a terminal pointing atmy-app directory and execute this command
```
  npm install web3modal
```
In the same terminal also install ethers.js
```
npm install ethers
```
In your public folder, download this folder and all the images in it the LW3Punks folder. Make sure that the name of the downloaded folder is LW3Punks

Now go to styles folder and replace all the contents of Home.modules.css file with the following code, this would add some styling to your dapp:

.main {
  min-height: 90vh;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
  font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;
}

.footer {
  display: flex;
  padding: 2rem 0;
  border-top: 1px solid #eaeaea;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
}

.image {
  width: 70%;
  height: 50%;
  margin-left: 20%;
}

.title {
  font-size: 2rem;
  margin: 2rem 0;
}

.description {
  line-height: 1;
  margin: 2rem 0;
  font-size: 1.2rem;
}

.button {
  border-radius: 4px;
  background-color: blue;
  border: none;
  color: #ffffff;
  font-size: 15px;
  padding: 20px;
  width: 200px;
  cursor: pointer;
  margin-bottom: 2%;
}
@media (max-width: 1000px) {
  .main {
    width: 100%;
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
  }
}

Open you index.js file under the pages folder and paste the following code, explanation of the code can be found in the comments.

    import { Contract, providers, utils } from "ethers";
    import Head from "next/head";
    import React, { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
    import Web3Modal from "web3modal";
    import { abi, NFT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS } from "../constants";
    import styles from "../styles/Home.module.css";

    export default function Home() {
      // walletConnected keep track of whether the user's wallet is connected or not
      const [walletConnected, setWalletConnected] = useState(false);
      // loading is set to true when we are waiting for a transaction to get mined
      const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
      // tokenIdsMinted keeps track of the number of tokenIds that have been minted
      const [tokenIdsMinted, setTokenIdsMinted] = useState("0");
      // Create a reference to the Web3 Modal (used for connecting to Metamask) which persists as long as the page is open
      const web3ModalRef = useRef();

      /**
       * publicMint: Mint an NFT
       */
      const publicMint = async () => {
        try {
          console.log("Public mint");
          // We need a Signer here since this is a 'write' transaction.
          const signer = await getProviderOrSigner(true);
          // Create a new instance of the Contract with a Signer, which allows
          // update methods
          const nftContract = new Contract(NFT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS, abi, signer);
          // call the mint from the contract to mint the LW3Punks
          const tx = await nftContract.mint({
            // value signifies the cost of one LW3Punks which is "0.01" eth.
            // We are parsing `0.01` string to ether using the utils library from ethers.js
            value: utils.parseEther("0.01"),
          });
          setLoading(true);
          // wait for the transaction to get mined
          await tx.wait();
          setLoading(false);
          window.alert("You successfully minted a LW3Punk!");
        } catch (err) {
          console.error(err);
        }
      };

      /*
        connectWallet: Connects the MetaMask wallet
      */
      const connectWallet = async () => {
        try {
          // Get the provider from web3Modal, which in our case is MetaMask
          // When used for the first time, it prompts the user to connect their wallet
          await getProviderOrSigner();
          setWalletConnected(true);
        } catch (err) {
          console.error(err);
        }
      };

      /**
       * getTokenIdsMinted: gets the number of tokenIds that have been minted
       */
      const getTokenIdsMinted = async () => {
        try {
          // Get the provider from web3Modal, which in our case is MetaMask
          // No need for the Signer here, as we are only reading state from the blockchain
          const provider = await getProviderOrSigner();
          // We connect to the Contract using a Provider, so we will only
          // have read-only access to the Contract
          const nftContract = new Contract(NFT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS, abi, provider);
          // call the tokenIds from the contract
          const _tokenIds = await nftContract.tokenIds();
          console.log("tokenIds", _tokenIds);
          //_tokenIds is a `Big Number`. We need to convert the Big Number to a string
          setTokenIdsMinted(_tokenIds.toString());
        } catch (err) {
          console.error(err);
        }
      };

      /**
       * Returns a Provider or Signer object representing the Ethereum RPC with or without the
       * signing capabilities of metamask attached
       *
       * A `Provider` is needed to interact with the blockchain - reading transactions, reading balances, reading state, etc.
       *
       * A `Signer` is a special type of Provider used in case a `write` transaction needs to be made to the blockchain, which involves the connected account
       * needing to make a digital signature to authorize the transaction being sent. Metamask exposes a Signer API to allow your website to
       * request signatures from the user using Signer functions.
       *
       * @param {*} needSigner - True if you need the signer, default false otherwise
       */
      const getProviderOrSigner = async (needSigner = false) => {
        // Connect to Metamask
        // Since we store `web3Modal` as a reference, we need to access the `current` value to get access to the underlying object
        const provider = await web3ModalRef.current.connect();
        const web3Provider = new providers.Web3Provider(provider);

        // If user is not connected to the Mumbai network, let them know and throw an error
        const { chainId } = await web3Provider.getNetwork();
        if (chainId !== 80001) {
          window.alert("Change the network to Mumbai");
          throw new Error("Change network to Mumbai");
        }

        if (needSigner) {
          const signer = web3Provider.getSigner();
          return signer;
        }
        return web3Provider;
      };

      // useEffects are used to react to changes in state of the website
      // The array at the end of function call represents what state changes will trigger this effect
      // In this case, whenever the value of `walletConnected` changes - this effect will be called
      useEffect(() => {
        // if wallet is not connected, create a new instance of Web3Modal and connect the MetaMask wallet
        if (!walletConnected) {
          // Assign the Web3Modal class to the reference object by setting it's `current` value
          // The `current` value is persisted throughout as long as this page is open
          web3ModalRef.current = new Web3Modal({
            network: "mumbai",
            providerOptions: {},
            disableInjectedProvider: false,
          });

          connectWallet();

          getTokenIdsMinted();

          // set an interval to get the number of token Ids minted every 5 seconds
          setInterval(async function () {
            await getTokenIdsMinted();
          }, 5 * 1000);
        }
      }, [walletConnected]);

      /*
        renderButton: Returns a button based on the state of the dapp
      */
      const renderButton = () => {
        // If wallet is not connected, return a button which allows them to connect their wallet
        if (!walletConnected) {
          return (
            <button onClick={connectWallet} className={styles.button}>
              Connect your wallet
            </button>
          );
        }

        // If we are currently waiting for something, return a loading button
        if (loading) {
          return <button className={styles.button}>Loading...</button>;
        }

        return (
          <button className={styles.button} onClick={publicMint}>
            Public Mint 🚀
          </button>
        );
      };

      return (
        <div>
          <Head>
            <title>LW3Punks</title>
            <meta name="description" content="LW3Punks-Dapp" />
            <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" />
          </Head>
          <div className={styles.main}>
            <div>
              <h1 className={styles.title}>Welcome to LW3Punks!</h1>
              <div className={styles.description}>
                Its an NFT collection for LearnWeb3 students.
              </div>
              <div className={styles.description}>
                {tokenIdsMinted}/10 have been minted
              </div>
              {renderButton()}
            </div>
            <div>
              <img className={styles.image} src="./LW3punks/1.png" />
            </div>
          </div>

          <footer className={styles.footer}>Made with &#10084; by LW3Punks</footer>
        </div>
      );
    }

Now create a new folder under the my-app folder and name it constants.
In the constants folder create a file, index.js and paste the following code.
- Replace "address of your NFT contract" with the address of the LW3Punks contract that you deployed and saved to your notepad.
- Replace ---your abi--- with the abi of your LW3Punks Contract. To get the abi for your contract, go to your hardhat-tutorial/artifacts/contracts/LW3Punks.sol folder and from your LW3Punks.json file get the array marked under the "abi" key.
```
export const abi =---your abi---
export const NFT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS = "address of your NFT contract"
```
Now in your terminal which is pointing to my-app folder, execute
```
npm run dev
```

Your LW3Punks NFT dapp should now work without errors 🚀

Push to github

Make sure before proceeding you have pushed all your code to github :)

Deploying your dApp

We will now deploy your dApp, so that everyone can see your website and you can share it with all of your LearnWeb3 DAO friends.

Go to https://vercel.com/ and sign in with your GitHub
Then click on New Project button and then select your IPFS-Practical repo
When configuring your new project, Vercel will allow you to customize your Root Directory
Click Edit next to Root Directory and set it to my-app
Select the Framework as Next.js
Click Deploy
Now you can see your deployed website by going to your dashboard, selecting your project, and copying the domain from there! Save the domain on notepad, you would need it later.
Share your website link with everyone on discord :) and spread happiness.

VishnuKMi / IPFS-Practical