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Smoktyn / bootkit-rs

Rusty Bootkit - Windows UEFI Bootkit in Rust (Codename: RedLotus)

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Windows UEFI Bootkit in Rust (Codename: RedLotus)

Windows UEFI bootkit in Rust for manually mapping a Windows kernel rootkit or Windows blue-pill hypervisor using a UEFI runtime driver (EFI_RUNTIME_DRIVER) similar to umap by @btbd.

This project is inspired by the following:

Features

  • Manually Maps a Windows kernel driver before ntoskrnl.exe is loaded (Driver Signature Enforcement (DSE) is not disabled and Windows Defender's drivers are not patched)
  • TODO: refactor/neaten code and implement better error handling and make stable

Description

A bootkit can run code before the operating system and potentially inject malicious code into the kernel or load a malicious kernel driver by infecting the boot process and taking over the system's firmware or bootloader, effectively disabling or bypassing security protections. This tool can be used for game hacking and is a side project for those interested in fun, learning, malware research, and spreading security awareness. It also demonstrates that Rust can handle both low-level and high-level tasks. It's important to recognize the potential of Rust and not underestimate its power.

The image below shows how Legacy and UEFI boot works.

Legacy-and-UEFI-Boot Figure 1. Comparison of the Legacy Boot flow (left) and UEFI boot flow (right) on Windows (Vista and newer) systems (Full Credits: WeLiveSecurity)

This diagram illustrates the structure and flow of the RedLotus.efi UEFI bootkit (RedLotus.sys is the Windows kernel driver)

graph TD;
    R["RedLotus.efi bootkit runtime driver (EFI_RUNTIME_DRIVER)"] -->|Hooks| A["ImgArchStartBootApplication (bootmgfw.efi)"];
    A["ImgArchStartBootApplication (bootmgfw.efi)"] -->|Hooks| B["BlImgAllocateImageBuffer (winload.efi)"];
    B -->|Allocates Buffer| G[RedLotus.sys];
    A -->|Hooks| C["OslFwpKernelSetupPhase1 (winload.efi)"];
    C -->|Calls| D[Manual Mapper];
    D -->|Maps | G[RedLotus.sys]
    C -->|Hooks| E[Disk.sys];
    E -->|Calls| G[RedLotus.sys];
    G -->|Restores| E;
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Install

Install Rust

To start using Rust, download the installer, then run the program and follow the onscreen instructions. You may need to install the Visual Studio C++ Build tools when prompted to do so.

Install and change to Rust nightly

rustup toolchain install nightly
rustup default nightly

Install cargo-make

cargo install cargo-make

Install WDK/SDK

  • Step 1: Install Visual Studio 2022
  • Step 2: Install Windows 11, version 22H2 SDK
  • Step 3: Install Windows 11, version 22H2 WDK

Build

Change directory to .\driver\ and build driver

cargo make sign

Change directory to .\bootkit\ and build bootkit

cargo build --target x86_64-unknown-uefi --release

Usage

A UEFI Bootkit works under one or more of the following conditions:

  • Secure Boot is disabled on the machine, so no vulnerabilities are required to exploit it (supported by this project).

  • Exploiting a known flaw in the UEFI firmware to disable Secure Boot in the case of an out-of-date firmware version or a product no longer supported, including the Bring Your Own Vulnerable Binary (BYOVB) technique to bring copies of vulnerable binaries to the machines to exploit a vulnerability or vulnerabilities and bypass Secure Boot on up-to-date UEFI systems (1-day/one-day).

  • Exploiting an unspecified flaw in the UEFI firmware to disable Secure Boot (0-day/zero-day vulnerability).

Usage 1: Infect Windows Boot Manager bootmgfw.efi on Disk (Unsupported)

Typically UEFI Bootkits infect the Windows Boot Manager bootmgfw.efi located in EFI partition \EFI\Microsoft\Boot\bootmgfw.efi (C:\Windows\Boot\EFI\bootmgfw.efi. Modification of the bootloader includes adding a new section called .efi to the Windows Boot Manager bootmgfw.efi, and changing the executable's entry point address so program flow jumps to the beginning of the added section as shown below:

  • Convert bootkit to position-independent code (PIC) or shellcode
  • Find bootmgfw.efi (Windows Boot Manager) located in EFI partition \EFI\Microsoft\Boot\bootmgfw.efi
  • Add .efi section to bootmgfw.efi (Windows Boot Manager)
  • Inject or copy bootkit shellcode to the .efi section in bootmgfw.efi (Windows Boot Manager)
  • Change entry point of the bootmgfw.efi (Windows Boot Manager) to newly added .efi section bootkit shellcode
  • Reboot

Usage 2: Execute UEFI Bootkit via UEFI Shell (Supported)

Download EDK2 efi shell or UEFI-Shell and follow these steps:

  1. Extract downloaded efi shell and rename file Shell.efi (should be in folder UefiShell/X64) to bootx64.efi

  2. Format USB drive to FAT32

  3. Create following folder structure:

USB:.
 │   redlotus.efi
 │
 └───EFI
      └───Boot
              bootx64.efi

  1. Boot from the USB drive

    4.1. The following is required for VMware Workstation:

    • VMware Workstation: VM -> Settings -> Hardware -> Add -> Hard Disk -> Next -> SCSI or NVMe (Recommended) -> Next -> Use a physical disk (for advanced users) -> Next -> Device: PhysicalDrive1 and Usage: Use entire disk -> Next -> Finish.

    • Start VM by clicking Power On to Firmware

    • Select Internal Shell (Unsupported option) or EFI Vmware Virtual SCSI Hard Drive (1.0)

  2. A UEFI shell should start, change directory to the same location as the Windows Boot Manager (e.g. FS0). Note that the file system could be different for your machine

FS0:
  1. Copy the bootkit to the same location as the Windows Boot Manager (e.g. FS0).
cp fs2:redlotus.efi fs0:
  1. Load the the bootkit
load redlotus.efi
  1. Windows should boot automatically.

Example of PoC

UEFI Shell

poc_uefi.png

Tested on Microsoft Windows 10 Home 10.0.19045 N/A Build 19045:

poc_win10.png

Tested on Microsoft Windows 11 Home 10.0.22621 N/A Build 22621

poc_win11.png

Note: You may have to change the signature of the hooked bootmgfw.efi and winload.efi functions depending on your Windows build and version.

Credits / References / Thanks / Motivation

About

Rusty Bootkit - Windows UEFI Bootkit in Rust (Codename: RedLotus)

License:MIT License

Languages

Language:Rust 100.0%