SirArthur7 / Grammar-Error-Detection

Detect or classify input sentences as grammatically correct or incorrect by fine-tuning pre-trained DeBERTa-v3 model

GED Dataset Classification using DeBERTaV3 +CNN

Introduction

The goal of this project is to classify sentences in the given dataset as either grammatically correct or incorrect. I used a DeBERTa-v3+CNN based classifier model to perform this task.

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

• We are given a training set, a validation set, and a test set with 19998, 10000, 10000 text samples resp. The former 2 contain sentences that have been labeled as either grammatically correct (1) or incorrect (0), whereas the test set is unlabeled.
• I performed some basic EDA on the dataset, including checking for missing values and analyzing the distribution of labels and sentence lengths, and also the most frequently encountered tokens.
• It was found that the datasets have no missing values and, in the training and validation sets, the labels are nearly equally distributed between 0s and 1s.
• The sentence lengths are distributed as follows-

	Training	Validation	Testing
Mean	11.640114	11.745900	11.716600
Standard deviation	7.666548	7.606045	11.109034
Min	0.000000	0.000000	1.000000
50%	10.000000	10.000000	10.000000
Max	319.000000	133.000000	841.000000

• By plotting the scatter-plots of the same, one can observe that besides a few outliers we can safely take 128 as the maximum-length of input tokens, thereby reducing the training time by half if 256 was used (later checked that it didn’t affect the model accuracy).
• I also found that the train and validation sets are both poorly annotated, as there are numerous examples even in the top 50 or so entries, where sentences are classified as False Positives and False Negatives; and I also used Grammarly.com to confirm the same.

Steps Followed

The following steps were followed in the project:

1. Data Preparation: The dataset was loaded from the .csv files from the given training, validation sets. The test data needed to be loaded from the unconventional .xlsx file as the pd.read_csv parser wasn’t working due to some errors in the file encoding.
2. Preprocessing: The sentences were preprocessed by tokenizing them using a pre-trained AutoTokenizer 'sileod/deberta-v3-base-tasksource-nli' as it’s recorded as the SOTA in 2023, for GED in the standard CoLA dataset achieving 87.15% accuracy. Special tokens [CLS] [SEP] etc. were added, and they were further truncated or padded to a fixed length of 128, and converting them to input features for the model.
3. Model Training and Validation: I used a DeBERTaV3 pre-trained model, and stacked a CNN layer on top of it to classify the sentences as either grammatically correct or incorrect. The model was fine-tuned on the training set and validated on the validation set using the Cross-entropy loss function and the Adam optimizer for 2 epochs, and also ran experiments with the recommended hyper-parameter settings of DeBERTaV3 to find that a batch size of 16, learning rate of 2e-5, weight_decay of 0.01, scheduled with a warmup_prop of 0.1 gave stable results.
4. Testing, Saving and Error Analysis: After fine-tuning the model I saved the ‘model.pt’ file of the model with the best accuracy. Later I reloaded the same in the testing phase, ran it on the unlabeled test dataset to get the test predictions, which I saved as a ‘.csv’ file in form of ‘test_sentence- predicted_label’ pairs. I also performed error analysis to identify the errors based on their nature, and identified patterns in the errors.

Model Architecture

I used a DeBERTaV3 pre-trained model, which is DeBERTa improved using ELECTRA-style (which itself performs better in GED tasks than BERT) pre-training and I specifically used the ‘yevheniimaslov/deberta-v3-base-cola’ version which just gave a slightly better edge. I used the embeddings from the last_hidden_state of the previous layer, applied dropout, and then passed it through a CNN block, with a softmax classifier to classify the sentences as either grammatically correct or incorrect.

Error Analysis

• After fine-tuning the model, I analyzed the errors on the validation set to identify its types and the factors contributing to these errors.
• I found that the model had difficulty with informal (chat) types of vocabulary with emoticons
• Errors were often caused by ambiguity in sentence structure/meaning, or were actually correct predictions but mismatched with the wrong annotations on the validation set.

Epoch	Task	Precision	F1-Score	False Positives	False Negatives	Time (in mins)
1	Training	0.624	0.599	-	-	10:14
	Validation	0.645	0.616	2695	866	01:27
2	Training	0.694	0.674	-	-	10:09
	Validation	0.638	0.605	2851	770	01:27
Final Validation		0.645	0.616	2695	866	01:28

Conclusion

In conclusion, I used a DeBERTaV3+CNN based GED classifier model to classify sentences in the given dataset as either grammatically correct or incorrect. I performed basic EDA on the dataset, followed a standard data preprocessing pipeline, fine-tuned the model using cross-entropy loss and Adam optimizer, and performed error analysis to identify the sources of errors made by the model. Based on the experiments of the error analysis, I refined the model hyper-parameter settings and achieved improved performance. The references have already been hyperlinked above wherever used or mentioned.