0x19. C - Stacks, Queues - LIFO, FIFO C Group project Algorithm Data structure By: Julien Barbier Weight: 2 Project to be done in teams of 2 people (your team: Nouha Ben Abdellatif) Project will start Dec 12, 2023 4:00 AM, must end by Dec 15, 2023 4:00 AM Checker was released at Dec 12, 2023 10:00 PM An auto review will be launched at the deadline
Resources Read or watch:
Google How do I use extern to share variables between source files in C? Stacks and Queues in C Stack operations Queue operations Learning Objectives At the end of this project, you are expected to be able to explain to anyone, without the help of Google:
General What do LIFO and FIFO mean What is a stack, and when to use it What is a queue, and when to use it What are the common implementations of stacks and queues What are the most common use cases of stacks and queues What is the proper way to use global variables Copyright - Plagiarism You are tasked to come up with solutions for the tasks below yourself to meet with the above learning objectives. You will not be able to meet the objectives of this or any following project by copying and pasting someone else’s work. You are not allowed to publish any content of this project. Any form of plagiarism is strictly forbidden and will result in removal from the program. Requirements General Allowed editors: vi, vim, emacs All your files will be compiled on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS using gcc, using the options -Wall -Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=c89 All your files should end with a new line A README.md file, at the root of the folder of the project is mandatory Your code should use the Betty style. It will be checked using betty-style.pl and betty-doc.pl You allowed to use a maximum of one global variable No more than 5 functions per file You are allowed to use the C standard library The prototypes of all your functions should be included in your header file called monty.h Don’t forget to push your header file All your header files should be include guarded You are expected to do the tasks in the order shown in the project GitHub There should be one project repository per group. If you clone/fork/whatever a project repository with the same name before the second deadline, you risk a 0% score.
More Info Data structures Please use the following data structures for this project. Don’t forget to include them in your header file.
/**
- struct stack_s - doubly linked list representation of a stack (or queue)
- @n: integer
- @prev: points to the previous element of the stack (or queue)
- @next: points to the next element of the stack (or queue)
- Description: doubly linked list node structure
- for stack, queues, LIFO, FIFO */ typedef struct stack_s { int n; struct stack_s prev; struct stack_s next; } stack_t; /
- struct instruction_s - opcode and its function
- @opcode: the opcode
- @f: function to handle the opcode
- Description: opcode and its function
- for stack, queues, LIFO, FIFO */ typedef struct instruction_s { char *opcode; void (*f)(stack_t **stack, unsigned int line_number); } instruction_t; Compilation & Output Your code will be compiled this way: $ gcc -Wall -Werror -Wextra -pedantic -std=c89 *.c -o monty Any output must be printed on stdout Any error message must be printed on stderr Here is a link to a GitHub repository that could help you making sure your errors are printed on stderr Tests We strongly encourage you to work all together on a set of tests
The Monty language Monty 0.98 is a scripting language that is first compiled into Monty byte codes (Just like Python). It relies on a unique stack, with specific instructions to manipulate it. The goal of this project is to create an interpreter for Monty ByteCodes files.
Monty byte code files
Files containing Monty byte codes usually have the .m extension. Most of the industry uses this standard but it is not required by the specification of the language. There is not more than one instruction per line. There can be any number of spaces before or after the opcode and its argument:
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ cat -e bytecodes/000.m
push 0$
push 1$
push 2$
push 3$
pall $
push 4$
push 5 $
push 6 $
pall$
julien@ubuntu:/monty$
Monty byte code files can contain blank lines (empty or made of spaces only, and any additional text after the opcode or its required argument is not taken into account:
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ cat -e bytecodes/001.m
push 0 Push 0 onto the stack$
push 1 Push 1 onto the stack$
$
push 2$
push 3$
pall $
$
$
$
push 4$
$
push 5 $
push 6 $
$
pall This is the end of our program. Monty is awesome!$
julien@ubuntu:/monty$
The monty program
Usage: monty file where file is the path to the file containing Monty byte code If the user does not give any file or more than one argument to your program, print the error message USAGE: monty file, followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE If, for any reason, it’s not possible to open the file, print the error message Error: Can't open file , followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE where is the name of the file If the file contains an invalid instruction, print the error message L<line_number>: unknown instruction , followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE where is the line number where the instruction appears. Line numbers always start at 1 The monty program runs the bytecodes line by line and stop if either: it executed properly every line of the file it finds an error in the file an error occured If you can’t malloc anymore, print the error message Error: malloc failed, followed by a new line, and exit with status EXIT_FAILURE. You have to use malloc and free and are not allowed to use any other function from man malloc (realloc, calloc, …) Quiz questions Great! You've completed the quiz successfully! Keep going! (Show quiz) Tasks 0. push, pall mandatory Implement the push and pall opcodes.
The push opcode
The opcode push pushes an element to the stack.
Usage: push where is an integer if is not an integer or if there is no argument given to push, print the error message L<line_number>: usage: push integer, followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE where is the line number in the file You won’t have to deal with overflows. Use the atoi function The pall opcode
The opcode pall prints all the values on the stack, starting from the top of the stack.
Usage pall
Format: see example
If the stack is empty, don’t print anything
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ cat -e bytecodes/00.m
push 1$
push 2$
push 3$
pall$
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ ./monty bytecodes/00.m
3
2
1
julien@ubuntu:~/monty$
Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- pint mandatory Implement the pint opcode.
The pint opcode
The opcode pint prints the value at the top of the stack, followed by a new line.
Usage: pint
If the stack is empty, print the error message L<line_number>: can't pint, stack empty, followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ cat bytecodes/06.m
push 1
pint
push 2
pint
push 3
pint
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ ./monty bytecodes/06.m
1
2
3
julien@ubuntu:~/monty$
Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- pop mandatory Implement the pop opcode.
The pop opcode
The opcode pop removes the top element of the stack.
Usage: pop
If the stack is empty, print the error message L<line_number>: can't pop an empty stack, followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ cat bytecodes/07.m
push 1
push 2
push 3
pall
pop
pall
pop
pall
pop
pall
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ ./monty bytecodes/07.m
3
2
1
2
1
1
julien@ubuntu:~/monty$
Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- swap mandatory Implement the swap opcode.
The swap opcode
The opcode swap swaps the top two elements of the stack.
Usage: swap
If the stack contains less than two elements, print the error message L<line_number>: can't swap, stack too short, followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ cat bytecodes/09.m
push 1
push 2
push 3
pall
swap
pall
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ ./monty bytecodes/09.m
3
2
1
2
3
1
julien@ubuntu:~/monty$
Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- add mandatory Implement the add opcode.
The add opcode
The opcode add adds the top two elements of the stack.
Usage: add If the stack contains less than two elements, print the error message L<line_number>: can't add, stack too short, followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE The result is stored in the second top element of the stack, and the top element is removed, so that at the end: The top element of the stack contains the result The stack is one element shorter julien@ubuntu:~/monty$ cat bytecodes/12.m push 1 push 2 push 3 pall add pall
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ ./monty bytecodes/12.m
3
2
1
5
1
julien@ubuntu:/monty$
Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- nop mandatory Implement the nop opcode.
The nop opcode
The opcode nop doesn’t do anything.
Usage: nop Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- sub #advanced Implement the sub opcode.
The sub opcode
The opcode sub subtracts the top element of the stack from the second top element of the stack.
Usage: sub
If the stack contains less than two elements, print the error message L<line_number>: can't sub, stack too short, followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE
The result is stored in the second top element of the stack, and the top element is removed, so that at the end:
The top element of the stack contains the result
The stack is one element shorter
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ cat bytecodes/19.m
push 1
push 2
push 10
push 3
sub
pall
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ ./monty bytecodes/19.m
7
2
1
julien@ubuntu:~/monty$
Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- div #advanced Implement the div opcode.
The div opcode
The opcode div divides the second top element of the stack by the top element of the stack.
Usage: div If the stack contains less than two elements, print the error message L<line_number>: can't div, stack too short, followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE The result is stored in the second top element of the stack, and the top element is removed, so that at the end: The top element of the stack contains the result The stack is one element shorter If the top element of the stack is 0, print the error message L<line_number>: division by zero, followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- mul #advanced Implement the mul opcode.
The mul opcode
The opcode mul multiplies the second top element of the stack with the top element of the stack.
Usage: mul If the stack contains less than two elements, print the error message L<line_number>: can't mul, stack too short, followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE The result is stored in the second top element of the stack, and the top element is removed, so that at the end: The top element of the stack contains the result The stack is one element shorter Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- mod #advanced Implement the mod opcode.
The mod opcode
The opcode mod computes the rest of the division of the second top element of the stack by the top element of the stack.
Usage: mod If the stack contains less than two elements, print the error message L<line_number>: can't mod, stack too short, followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE The result is stored in the second top element of the stack, and the top element is removed, so that at the end: The top element of the stack contains the result The stack is one element shorter If the top element of the stack is 0, print the error message L<line_number>: division by zero, followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- comments #advanced Every good language comes with the capability of commenting. When the first non-space character of a line is #, treat this line as a comment (don’t do anything).
Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- pchar #advanced Implement the pchar opcode.
The pchar opcode
The opcode pchar prints the char at the top of the stack, followed by a new line.
Usage: pchar
The integer stored at the top of the stack is treated as the ascii value of the character to be printed
If the value is not in the ascii table (man ascii) print the error message L<line_number>: can't pchar, value out of range, followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE
If the stack is empty, print the error message L<line_number>: can't pchar, stack empty, followed by a new line, and exit with the status EXIT_FAILURE
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ cat bytecodes/28.m
push 72
pchar
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ ./monty bytecodes/28.m
H
julien@ubuntu:~/monty$
Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- pstr #advanced Implement the pstr opcode.
The pstr opcode
The opcode pstr prints the string starting at the top of the stack, followed by a new line.
Usage: pstr
The integer stored in each element of the stack is treated as the ascii value of the character to be printed
The string stops when either:
the stack is over
the value of the element is 0
the value of the element is not in the ascii table
If the stack is empty, print only a new line
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ cat bytecodes/31.m
push 1
push 2
push 3
push 4
push 0
push 110
push 0
push 108
push 111
push 111
push 104
push 99
push 83
pstr
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ ./monty bytecodes/31.m
School
julien@ubuntu:~/monty$
Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- rotl #advanced Implement the rotl opcode.
The rotl opcode
The opcode rotl rotates the stack to the top.
Usage: rotl
The top element of the stack becomes the last one, and the second top element of the stack becomes the first one
rotl never fails
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ cat bytecodes/35.m
push 1
push 2
push 3
push 4
push 5
push 6
push 7
push 8
push 9
push 0
pall
rotl
pall
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ ./monty bytecodes/35.m
0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
julien@ubuntu:~/monty$
Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- rotr #advanced Implement the rotr opcode.
The rotr opcode
The opcode rotr rotates the stack to the bottom.
Usage: rotr The last element of the stack becomes the top element of the stack rotr never fails Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- stack, queue #advanced Implement the stack and queue opcodes.
The stack opcode
The opcode stack sets the format of the data to a stack (LIFO). This is the default behavior of the program.
Usage: stack The queue opcode
The opcode queue sets the format of the data to a queue (FIFO).
Usage: queue When switching mode:
The top of the stack becomes the front of the queue
The front of the queue becomes the top of the stack
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ cat bytecodes/47.m
queue
push 1
push 2
push 3
pall
stack
push 4
push 5
push 6
pall
add
pall
queue
push 11111
add
pall
julien@ubuntu:/monty$ ./monty bytecodes/47.m
1
2
3
6
5
4
1
2
3
11
4
1
2
3
15
1
2
3
11111
julien@ubuntu:~/monty$
Repo:
GitHub repository: monty
- Brainfck #advanced Write a Brainfck script that prints School, followed by a new line.
All your Brainfck files should be stored inside the bf sub directory
You can install the bf interpreter to test your code: sudo apt-get install bf
Read: Brainfck
julien@ubuntu:/monty/bf$ bf 1000-school.bf
School
julien@ubuntu:/monty/bf$
Repo:
GitHub repository: monty Directory: bf File: 1000-school.bf
- Add two digits #advanced Add two digits given by the user.
Read the two digits from stdin, add them, and print the result
The total of the two digits with be one digit-long (<10)
julien@ubuntu:/monty/bf$ bf ./1001-add.bf
81
9julien@ubuntu:/monty/bf$
Repo:
GitHub repository: monty Directory: bf File: 1001-add.bf
- Multiplication #advanced Multiply two digits given by the user.
Read the two digits from stdin, multiply them, and print the result
The result of the multiplication will be one digit-long (<10)
julien@ubuntu:/monty/bf$ bf 1002-mul.bf
24
8julien@ubuntu:/monty/bf$
Repo:
GitHub repository: monty Directory: bf File: 1002-mul.bf
- Multiplication level up #advanced Multiply two digits given by the user.
Read the two digits from stdin, multiply them, and print the result, followed by a new line
julien@ubuntu:/monty/bf$ bf 1003-mul.bf
77
49
julien@ubuntu:/monty/bf$
Repo:
GitHub repository: monty Directory: bf File: 1003-mul.bf