Create file named .buildcache which contains pattern of files (in .gitignore like format) that you want to persist across heroku builds. Example:
# This is a comment and will be ignored
# single file
single_file.txt
# simple glob
simple/glob/*.txt
# recursive glob
recursive/glob/**/*.txt
# complex glob
complex/glob/**/prefix*suffix.txt
Commit that file and push to heroku to deploy and you are done.
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Buildpack for copying file from heroku build cache, use together with heroku-build-cache-persister