Immutable Strings

This crate offers a cheaply cloneable and sliceable UTF-8 string type. It is inspired by the bytes crate, which offers zero-copy byte slices, and the im crate which offers immutable copy-on-write data structures. It offers a standard-library String-compatible API.

Internally, the crate uses a standard library string stored in a smart pointer, and a range into that String. This allows for cheap zero-copy cloning and slicing of the string. This is especially useful for parsing operations, where a large string needs to be sliced into a lot of substrings.

TL;DR: This crate offers an ImString type that acts as a String (in that it can be modified and used in the same way), an Arc<String> (in that it is cheap to clone) and an &str (in that it is cheap to slice) all in one, owned type.

This crate offers a safe API that ensures that every string and every string slice is UTF-8 encoded. It does not allow slicing of strings within UTF-8 multibyte sequences. It offers try_* functions for every operation that can fail to avoid panics. It also uses extensive unit testing with a full test coverage to ensure that there is no unsoundness.

Features

Efficient Cloning: The crate's architecture enables low-cost (zero-copy) clone and slice creation, making it ideal for parsing strings that are widely shared.

Efficient Slicing: The crate's architecture enables low-cost (zero-copy) slice creation, making it ideal for parsing operations where one large input string is slices into many smaller strings.

Copy on Write: Despite being cheap to clone and slice, it allows for mutation using copy-on-write. For strings that are not shared, it has an optimisation to be able to mutate it in-place safely to avoid unnecessary copying.

Compatibility: The API is designed to closely resemble Rust's standard library String, facilitating smooth integration and being almost a drop-in replacement. It also integrates with many popular Rust crates, such as serde, peg and nom.

Generic over Storage: The crate is flexible in terms of how the data is stored. It allows for using Arc<String> for multithreaded applications and Rc<String> for single-threaded use, providing adaptability to different storage requirements and avoiding the need to pay for atomic operations when they are not needed.

Safety: The crate enforces that all strings and string slices are UTF-8 encoded. Any methods that might violate this are marked as unsafe. All methods that can fail have a try_* variant that will not panic. Use of safe functions cannot result in unsound behaviour.

Example

use imstr::ImString;

// Create new ImString, allocates data.
let mut string = ImString::from("Hello, World");

// Edit: happens in-place (because this is the only reference).
string.push_str("!");

// Clone: this is zero-copy.
let clone = string.clone();

// Slice: this is zero-copy.
let hello = string.slice(0..5);
assert_eq!(hello, "Hello");

// Slice: this is zero-copy.
let world = string.slice(7..12);
assert_eq!(world, "World");

// Here we have to copy only the part that the slice refers to so it can be modified.
let hello = hello + "!";
assert_eq!(hello, "Hello!");

Optional Features

Optional features that can be turned on using feature-flags.

Feature	Description
`serde`	Serialize and deserialize `ImString` fields as strings with the `serde` crate.
`peg`	Use `ImString` as the data structure that is parsed with the `peg` crate. See `peg-list.rs` for an example.
`nom`	Allow `ImString` to be used to build parsers with `nom`. See `nom-json.rs` for an example.

Similar

This is a comparison of this crate to other, similar crates. The comparison is made on these features:

Cheap Clone: is it a zero-copy operation to clone a string?
Cheap Slice 🍕: is it possibly to cheaply slice a string?
Mutable: is it possible to modify strings?
Generic Storage: is it possible to swap out the storage mechanism?
String Compatible: is it compatible with String?

Here is the data, with links to the crates for further examination:

Crate	Cheap Clone	Cheap Slice	Mutable	Generic Storage	String Compatible	Notes
`imstr`	✔️	✔️	✔️	✔️	✔️	This crate.
`tendril`	✔️	✔️	✔️	✔️	❌	Complex implementation. API not quite compatible with `String`, but otherwise closest to what this crate does.
`immut_string`	✔️	❌	🟡 (no optimization)	❌	❌	Simply a wrapper around `Arc<String>`.
`immutable_string`	✔️	❌	❌	❌	❌	Wrapper around `Arc<str>`.
`arccstr`	✔️	❌	❌	❌	❌	Not UTF-8 (Null-terminated C string). Hand-written `Arc` implementation.
`implicit-clone`	✔️	❌	❌	🟡	✔️	Immutable string library. Has `sync` and `unsync` variants.
`semistr`	❌	❌	❌	❌	❌	Stores short strings inline.
`quetta`	✔️	✔️	❌	❌	❌	Wrapper around `Arc<String>` that can be sliced.
`bytesstr`	✔️	🟡	❌	❌	❌	Wrapper around `Bytes`. Cannot be directly sliced.
`fast-str`	✔️	❌	❌	❌	❌	Looks like there could be some unsafety.
`flexstr`	✔️	❌	❌	✔️	❌
`bytestring`	✔️	🟡	❌	❌	❌	Wrapper around `Bytes`. Used by `actix`. Can be indirectly sliced using `slice_ref()`.
`arcstr`	✔️	✔️	❌	❌	❌	Can store string literal as `&'static str`.
`cowstr`	✔️	❌	✔️	❌	❌	Reimplements `Arc`, custom allocation strategy.
`strck`	❌	❌	❌	✔️	❌	Typechecked string library.

License

MIT, see LICENSE.md.

IamTheCarl / imstr