Retriable is a simple DSL to retry failed code blocks with randomized exponential backoff time intervals. This is especially useful when interacting external APIs, remote services, or file system calls.
Installation
Add this to your application's shard.yml
:
dependencies:
retriable:
github: Sija/retriable.cr
Usage
Code in a Retriable.retry
block will be retried if either an exception is
raised or next retry
is called.
require "retriable"
class Api
# Use it in methods that interact with unreliable services
def get
Retriable.retry do
# code here...
end
end
end
Defaults
By default, Retriable
will:
- rescue any exception inherited from
Exception
- use randomized exponential backoff to calculate each succeeding try interval.
The default interval table with 10 tries looks like this (in seconds, rounded to the nearest millisecond):
Retry # | Min | Average | Max |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.25 |
0.5 |
0.75 |
2 | 0.375 |
0.75 |
1.125 |
3 | 0.563 |
1.125 |
1.688 |
4 | 0.844 |
1.688 |
2.531 |
5 | 1.266 |
2.531 |
3.797 |
6 | 1.898 |
3.797 |
5.695 |
7 | 2.848 |
5.695 |
8.543 |
8 | 4.271 |
8.543 |
12.814 |
9 | 6.407 |
12.814 |
19.222 |
10 | stop | stop | stop |
Options
Here are the available options, in some vague order of relevance to most common use patterns:
Option | Default | Definition |
---|---|---|
max_attempts |
nil |
Number of attempts to make at running your code block (includes initial attempt). |
except |
nil |
Type of exceptions to NOT retry. Read more. |
on |
nil |
Type of exceptions to retry. Read more. |
on_retry |
nil |
Proc to call after each try is rescued. Read more. |
base_interval |
0.5.seconds |
The initial interval between tries. |
max_elapsed_time |
15.minutes |
The maximum amount of total time that code is allowed to keep being retried. |
max_interval |
1.minute |
The maximum interval that any individual retry can reach. |
multiplier |
1.5 |
Each successive interval grows by this factor. A multiplier of 1.5 means the next interval will be 1.5x the current interval. |
rand_factor |
0.5 |
The percentage to randomize the next retry interval time. The next interval calculation is randomized_interval = retry_interval * (random value in range [1 - randomization_factor, 1 + randomization_factor]) |
intervals |
nil |
Skip generated intervals and provide your own Enumerable of intervals in seconds. Read more. |
backoff |
true |
Whether backoff strategy should be used. |
random |
Random::DEFAULT |
Object inheriting from Random , which provides an interface for random values generation, using a pseudo random number generator (PRNG). |
Configuring which options to retry with :on/:except
:on
/ :except
Can take the form:
- An
Exception
class (retry every exception of this type, including subclasses) - An
Enumerable
ofException
classes (retry any exception of one of these types, including subclasses) - A single
Proc
(retries exceptions ONLY if return is truthy) - A
Hash
where the keys areException
classes and the values are one of:nil
(retry every exception of the key's type, including subclasses)- A single
Proc
(retries exceptions ONLY for nonnil
returns) - A single
Regex
pattern (retries exceptions ONLY if theirmessage
matches the pattern) - An
Enumerable
of patterns (retries exceptions ONLY if theirmessage
matches at least one of the patterns)
Configuration
You can change the global defaults with a #configure
block:
Retriable.configure do |settings|
settings.max_attempts = 5
settings.max_elapsed_time = 1.hour
end
Example usage
This example will only retry on a IO::Timeout
, retry 3 times and sleep for a full second before each try.
Retriable.retry(on: IO::Timeout, times: 3, base_interval: 1.second) do
# code here...
end
You can also specify multiple errors to retry on by passing an Enumerable
of exceptions.
Retriable.retry(on: {IO::Timeout, Errno::ECONNRESET}) do
# code here...
end
You can also use a Hash
to specify that you only want to retry exceptions with certain messages (see the documentation above). This example will retry all ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
exceptions, ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
exceptions where the message matches either /Parent must exist/
or /Username has already been taken/
, or Mysql2::Error
exceptions where the message matches /Duplicate entry/
.
Retriable.retry(on: {
ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique => nil,
ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid => [/Parent must exist/, /Username has already been taken/],
ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound => ->(ex : Exception, attempt : Int32, elapsed : Time::Span, interval : Time::Span) {
{User, Post}.includes?(ex.model.class)
},
Mysql2::Error => /Duplicate entry/,
}) do
# code here...
end
Customizing intervals
You can also bypass the built-in interval generation and provide your own Enumerable
of intervals. Supplying your own intervals overrides the max_attempts
, base_interval
, max_interval
, rand_factor
, and multiplier
parameters.
Retriable.retry(intervals: {0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5}) do
# code here...
end
This example makes 5 total attempts. If the first attempt fails, the 2nd attempt occurs 0.5 seconds later.
Turning off exponential backoff
Exponential backoff is enabled by default. If you want to simply retry code every second, 5 times maximum, you can do this:
Retriable.retry(times: 5, base_interval: 1.second, multiplier: 1.0, rand_factor: 0.0) do
# code here...
end
This works by starting at a 1 second base_interval
. Setting the multiplier
to 1.0 means each subsequent try will increase 1x, which is still 1.0
seconds, and then a rand_factor
of 0.0 means that there's no randomization of that interval. (By default, it would randomize 0.5 seconds, which would mean normally the intervals would randomize between 0.75 and 1.25 seconds, but in this case rand_factor
is basically being disabled.)
Same thing can be done by passing backoff: false
option.
Retriable.retry(times: 5, backoff: false) do
# code here...
end
Another way to accomplish this would be to create an array with a fixed interval. In this example, Array.new(5, 1.second)
creates an array with 5 elements, all with the value of 1 second as Time::Span
instances. The code block will retry up to 5 times, and wait 1 second between each attempt.
# Array.new(5, 1.second) # => [00:00:01, 00:00:01, 00:00:01, 00:00:01, 00:00:01]
Retriable.retry(intervals: Array.new(5, 1.second)) do
# code here...
end
If you don't want exponential backoff but you still want some randomization between intervals, this code will run every 1 seconds with a randomization factor of 0.2, which means each interval will be a random value between 0.8 and 1.2 (1 second +/- 0.2):
Retriable.retry(base_interval: 1.second, multiplier: 1.0, rand_factor: 0.2) do
# code here...
end
Callbacks
#retry
also provides a callback called :on_retry
that will run after an exception is rescued. This callback provides the exception
that was raised in the current try, the try_number
, the elapsed_time
for all tries so far, and the time (as a Time::Span
) of the next_interval
.
do_this_on_each_retry = ->(ex : Exception, attempt : Int32, elapsed_time : Time::Span, next_interval : Time::Span) do
log "#{ex.class}: '#{ex.message}' - #{attempt} attempt in #{elapsed_time} seconds and #{next_interval} seconds until the next try."
end
Retriable.retry(on_retry: do_this_on_each_retry) do
# code here...
end
Ensure/Else
What if I want to execute a code block at the end, whether or not an exception was rescued (ensure)? Or what if I want to execute a code block if no exception is raised (else)? Instead of providing more callbacks, I recommend you just wrap retriable in a begin/retry/else/ensure block:
begin
Retriable.retry do
# some code
end
rescue ex
# run this if retriable ends up re-rasing the exception
else
# run this if retriable doesn't raise any exceptions
ensure
# run this no matter what, exception or no exception
end
Kernel extension
If you want to call Retriable.retry
without the Retriable
module prefix and you don't mind extending Kernel
,
there is a kernel extension available for this.
In your crystal program:
require "retriable/core_ext/kernel"
and then you can call #retry
in any context like this:
retry do
# code here...
end
Contributors
- @Sija Sijawusz Pur Rahnama - creator, maintainer
Thanks
Thanks to all of the contributors for their awesome work on Retriable gem, from which this shard was ported.