This is the README file for p4est. p4est is a C library to manage a collection (a forest) of multiple connected adaptive quadtrees or octrees in parallel. p4est is written by Carsten Burstedde, Lucas C. Wilcox, and Tobin Isaac and released under the GNU General Public Licence version 2 (or later), Copyright (C) 2010 The University of Texas System. The official web page for source code and documentation is www.p4est.org. Please send bug reports and ideas for contribution to p4est@librelist.com. 0. Acknowledgement and Disclaimer The development of p4est was partially supported by the US National Science Foundation (NSF Grants No. OCI-0749334, CCF-0427985, CNS-0540372, CNS-0619838, DMS-0724746, OPP-0941678) and the US Department of Energy (DOE Grants No. 06ER25782, 08ER25860, SC0002710). The authors thank the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) for providing them with access to the Ranger supercomputer under NSF TeraGrid award MCA04N026, and the National Center for Computational Science (NCCS) for early-user access to the Jaguar Cray XT5 supercomputer. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recomendations expressed in the source code and documentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation (NSF). 1. Purpose Many applications in applied mathematics and numerical simulation use a mesh of computational cells that covers the domain of interest. The numerical solution is then approximated by functions, each of which is associated with a small set of cells (or even one). Dynamic ``adaptive'' methods change the mesh during the simulation by local refinement or coarsening, and ``parallel'' methods distribute (``partition'') the mesh between multiple processors, where each processor ideally receives an equal share of the computational load. p4est isolates the task of parallel dynamic adaptive mesh refinement (AMR), coarsening, and load balancing, and encapsulates algorithms that scale well to large numbers (10^5) of processors. These algorithms are predominantly used for the numerical solution of partial differential equations, but also support various other tasks where fast hierarchical space subdivision is required, for example to locate particles in space or to organize, sort, and search in large data sets. 2. Geometric structure The basic structure used in p4est is a ``connectivity'' of quadtrees (2D) or octrees (3D) that covers the domain of interest in a conforming macro-mesh. This includes the case of using exactly one tree for representing the hypercube. The trees can be arbitrarily refined and coarsened, where the storage of quadrants/octants is distributed in parallel. Thus, the mesh primitives used in p4est are quadrilaterals in 2D and hexahedra in 3D. The adaptive structure allows for quadrants/octants of different sizes to neighbor each other, which is commonly called ``non-conforming''. This concept leads to ``hanging'' faces and edges. 3. Core p4est (2D) and p8est (3D) routines p?est_new: Create an equi-partitioned, uniformly refined forest. p?est_refine: Adaptively subdivide octants based on a callback function, once for each octant or recursively. p?est_coarsen: Replace families of eight child octants by their common parent octant, once or recursively. p?est_partition: Redistribute the octants in parallel, according to a given target number of octants for each process, or weights prescribed for all octants. p?est_balance: Ensure at most 2:1 size relations between neighboring octants by local refinement where necessary. p?est_checksum: Compute a partition-independent integer ``fingerprint'' of a forest. This is useful for debugging and regression testing. 4. Interfacing to p4est from applications p?est_ghost: Collect one layer of off-process octants touching the process boundaries from the outside. This function requires a previous call to p?est_balance. This is the most generally useful function for external applications. By querying the ghost layer, the application can associate degrees of freedom with the mesh which are the basis for all numerical computation. p?est_nodes: Create a globally unique numbering of the mesh nodes (i.e., the vertices at the corners of octants, not to be confused with octree nodes), taking into account the classification into ``independent'' and ``hanging'' nodes. This function requires previous calls to p?est_balance and p?est_ghost. It provides a global numbering for degrees of freedom that can be associated with piecewise linear finite elements. p?est_lnodes: Like p?est_nodes, but for arbitrary order Lagrangian basis functions. Supersedes p?est_nodes for the piecewise linear special case. 5. Installation from a release tarball IMPORTANT NOTE: Our official tarballs are linked from http://www.p4est.org/ and work fine. The tarballs under https://github.com/cburstedde/p4est/releases/ are created by github and are NOT endorsed by us. In particular, they are missing the subdirectory sc, the configure script, and other generated files. p4est uses the GNU autoconf/automake/libtool build system. See the INSTALL file for details. Our official tarballs contain the configure script and all required files. The following configure options are commonly used. --enable-mpi is necessary for parallel functionality. Without this option, p4est does not require MPI, which is replaced by a dummy implementation that always assumes an MPI_Comm_size of 1 and an MPI_Comm_rank of 0. --enable-debug enables assertions and additional code for verification. This is generally helpful for development, even if it is somewhat slower and produces a lot of diagnostic log messages. CFLAGS="-Wall -g -O0" is an example of setting flags for a development build compiled with the GNU compilers. p4est is written in plain C and does not require FFLAGS or CXXFLAGS. Both in-source and out-of-source builds are supported. For a one-time installation, ./configure can be called in the root directory of the unpacked tree. For development or for testing multiple configure options, create an empty directory for each configuration and invoke configure with a relative path. The subpackage 'sc' is contained in the tarball and used by default. It is possible to use a version of sc that has been make install'd independently: (1.) Create an empty directory and call sc/configure with its relative path. Use --prefix=path-to-install-sc to specify the destination for the compiled files. Then call make install. (2.) Create another empty directory and call the p4est configure with its relative path and the options --prefix=path-to-install-p4est and --with-sc=path-to-install-sc. Make sure to use the same compiler flags and configure options as in (1.). Finally, call make install. This is the proposed procedure to split the p4est installation into two packages, say for a linux binary distribution. The benefit is that other packages that might require sc do not force p4est to get installed. 6. Installation from source When installing from source, GNU autotools must be invoked to generate the necessary configuration files and the configure script. A bootstrap script is provided for this purpose: give the shell command './bootstrap' before following the instructions in the INSTALL file. Then proceed as in 5. 7. Installation from git repository If you have obtained p4est from a git repository, such as via the shell command git clone https://github.com/cburstedde/p4est.git then the libsc submodule, which resides in the subdirectory sc, must be downloaded before configuring and compiling. This can be accomplished with the shell command 'git submodule init; git submodule update'. After the submodule has been obtained, you can install from source as described above in 6. 8. Using p4est through the deal.II interface The recent development version of the generic adaptive finite element software library deal.II interfaces to p4est to parallelize its mesh handling. The most convenient way to compile and install p4est to be accessible for deal.II is to use the doc/p4est-setup.sh script. This creates both a debug and production version compiled with minimal logging output. To know what is going on within p4est, the log level needs to be relaxed in the script.