Vue实现原理

[ning chen]

常见 MVC 框架双向绑定方案

实现数据绑定的做法有大致如下几种：

• 发布者-订阅者模式（backbone.js）

• 脏值检查（angular.js）

• 数据劫持（vue.js）

发布者-订阅者模式: 一般通过 sub, pub 的方式实现数据和视图的绑定监听，更新数据方式通常做法是 vm.set('property', value)，可能我们更希望通过 vm.property = value 这种方式更新数据。

脏值检查: angular.js 是通过脏值检测的方式比对数据是否有变更，来决定是否更新视图，最简单的方式就是通过 setInterval() 定时轮询检测数据变动，angular 只有在指定的事件触发时进入脏值检测，大致如下：

• DOM 事件，譬如用户输入文本，点击按钮等。( ng-click )
• XHR 响应事件 ( $http )
• 浏览器 Location 变更事件 ( $location )
• Timer 事件 ( $timeout , $interval )
• 执行 $digest() 或 $ apply()

**数据劫持： ** vue.js 则是采用数据劫持结合发布者-订阅者模式的方式，通过 Object.defineProperty() 来劫持各个属性的 setter，getter，在数据变动时发布消息给订阅者，触发相应的监听回调。

注意 react 没有实现双向绑定，且个人认为也没有必要实现双向绑定

实现过程

实现数据的双向绑定，首先要对数据进行劫持监听，设置一个监听器 Observer，用来监听所有属性。若属性变化，告诉订阅者 Watcher 是否需要更新。实现消息订阅器 Dep 来专门收集这些订阅者，保证监听器 Observer 和订阅者 Watcher 之间进行统一管理的。解析模板指令器 Compile，对每个节点元素进行扫描和解析，将相关指令对应初始化成一个订阅者 Watcher，并替换模板数据或者绑定相应的函数，当订阅者 Watcher 接收到相应属性的变化，就会执行对应的更新函数，从而更新视图**（解析模板指令器 Compile 过程中多次操作dom节点，为提高性能和效率，会先将跟节点el转换成文档碎片fragment进行解析编译操作）**。实现数据的双向绑定步骤：

• 实现监听器 Observer，用来劫持并监听所有属性，如果有变动的，就通知订阅者。

• 实现 Dep， 收集观察依赖（对应订阅者），驱动 Watcher。

• 实现订阅者 Watcher，可以收到属性的变化通知并执行相应的函数，从而更新视图。

• 实现解析器 Compile，可以扫描和解析每个节点的相关指令，并根据初始化模板数据以及初始化相应的订阅器

实现 Observer

用 Obeject.defineProperty() 来监听属性变动， 将需要 Observer 的数据对象进行递归遍历，包括子属性对象的属性。

// 源码来源 https://github.com/vuejs/vue/blob/2.6/src/core/observer/index.js
export class Observer {
  value: any;
  dep: Dep;
  vmCount: number; // number of vms that have this object as root $data

  constructor (value: any) {
    this.value = value
    this.dep = new Dep()
    this.vmCount = 0
    def(value, '__ob__', this)
    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
      if (hasProto) {
        protoAugment(value, arrayMethods)
      } else {
        copyAugment(value, arrayMethods, arrayKeys)
      }
      this.observeArray(value)
    } else {
      this.walk(value)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Walk through all properties and convert them into
   * getter/setters. This method should only be called when
   * value type is Object.
   */
  walk (obj: Object) {
    const keys = Object.keys(obj)
    for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
      defineReactive(obj, keys[i])
    }
  }

  /**
   * Observe a list of Array items.
   */
  observeArray (items: Array<any>) {
    for (let i = 0, l = items.length; i < l; i++) {
      observe(items[i])
    }
  }
}

实现 Dep 管理注册订阅

当监听到数据发生变化之后，通知订阅者了，实现一个消息订阅器，维护一个数组，用来收集订阅者，数据变动触发 notify，再调用订阅者的 update 方法：

// 源码来源 https://github.com/vuejs/vue/blob/2.6/src/core/observer/dep.js
export default class Dep {
  static target: ?Watcher;
  id: number;
  subs: Array<Watcher>;

  constructor () {
    this.id = uid++
    this.subs = []
  }

  addSub (sub: Watcher) {
    this.subs.push(sub)
  }

  removeSub (sub: Watcher) {
    remove(this.subs, sub)
  }

  depend () {
    if (Dep.target) {
      Dep.target.addDep(this)
    }
  }

  notify () {
    // stabilize the subscriber list first
    const subs = this.subs.slice()
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && !config.async) {
      // subs aren't sorted in scheduler if not running async
      // we need to sort them now to make sure they fire in correct
      // order
      subs.sort((a, b) => a.id - b.id)
    }
    for (let i = 0, l = subs.length; i < l; i++) {
      subs[i].update()
    }
  }
}

实现 Watcher

数据变动触发 Dep 收集， notify 通知观察者(watcher) 驱动 update 加到 queueWatcher ，通过钩子（ callUpdatedHooks）驱动 updatedQueue

// 源码来源 https://github.com/vuejs/vue/blob/2.6/src/core/observer/watcher.js

export default class Watcher {
  vm: Component;
  expression: string;
  cb: Function;
  id: number;
  deep: boolean;
  user: boolean;
  lazy: boolean;
  sync: boolean;
  dirty: boolean;
  active: boolean;
  deps: Array<Dep>;
  newDeps: Array<Dep>;
  depIds: SimpleSet;
  newDepIds: SimpleSet;
  before: ?Function;
  getter: Function;
  value: any;

  constructor (
    vm: Component,
    expOrFn: string | Function,
    cb: Function,
    options?: ?Object,
    isRenderWatcher?: boolean
  ) {
    this.vm = vm
    if (isRenderWatcher) {
      vm._watcher = this
    }
    vm._watchers.push(this)
    // options
    if (options) {
      this.deep = !!options.deep
      this.user = !!options.user
      this.lazy = !!options.lazy
      this.sync = !!options.sync
      this.before = options.before
    } else {
      this.deep = this.user = this.lazy = this.sync = false
    }
    this.cb = cb
    this.id = ++uid // uid for batching
    this.active = true
    this.dirty = this.lazy // for lazy watchers
    this.deps = []
    this.newDeps = []
    this.depIds = new Set()
    this.newDepIds = new Set()
    this.expression = process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production'
      ? expOrFn.toString()
      : ''
    // parse expression for getter
    if (typeof expOrFn === 'function') {
      this.getter = expOrFn
    } else {
      this.getter = parsePath(expOrFn)
      if (!this.getter) {
        this.getter = noop
        process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
          `Failed watching path: "${expOrFn}" ` +
          'Watcher only accepts simple dot-delimited paths. ' +
          'For full control, use a function instead.',
          vm
        )
      }
    }
    this.value = this.lazy
      ? undefined
      : this.get()
  }

  /**
   * Evaluate the getter, and re-collect dependencies.
   */
  get () {
    pushTarget(this)
    let value
    const vm = this.vm
    try {
      value = this.getter.call(vm, vm)
    } catch (e) {
      if (this.user) {
        handleError(e, vm, `getter for watcher "${this.expression}"`)
      } else {
        throw e
      }
    } finally {
      // "touch" every property so they are all tracked as
      // dependencies for deep watching
      if (this.deep) {
        traverse(value)
      }
      popTarget()
      this.cleanupDeps()
    }
    return value
  }

  /**
   * Add a dependency to this directive.
   */
  addDep (dep: Dep) {
    const id = dep.id
    if (!this.newDepIds.has(id)) {
      this.newDepIds.add(id)
      this.newDeps.push(dep)
      if (!this.depIds.has(id)) {
        dep.addSub(this)
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Clean up for dependency collection.
   */
  cleanupDeps () {
    let i = this.deps.length
    while (i--) {
      const dep = this.deps[i]
      if (!this.newDepIds.has(dep.id)) {
        dep.removeSub(this)
      }
    }
    let tmp = this.depIds
    this.depIds = this.newDepIds
    this.newDepIds = tmp
    this.newDepIds.clear()
    tmp = this.deps
    this.deps = this.newDeps
    this.newDeps = tmp
    this.newDeps.length = 0
  }

  /**
   * Subscriber interface.
   * Will be called when a dependency changes.
   */
  update () {
    /* istanbul ignore else */
    if (this.lazy) {
      this.dirty = true
    } else if (this.sync) {
      this.run()
    } else {
      queueWatcher(this)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Scheduler job interface.
   * Will be called by the scheduler.
   */
  run () {
    if (this.active) {
      const value = this.get()
      if (
        value !== this.value ||
        // Deep watchers and watchers on Object/Arrays should fire even
        // when the value is the same, because the value may
        // have mutated.
        isObject(value) ||
        this.deep
      ) {
        // set new value
        const oldValue = this.value
        this.value = value
        if (this.user) {
          try {
            this.cb.call(this.vm, value, oldValue)
          } catch (e) {
            handleError(e, this.vm, `callback for watcher "${this.expression}"`)
          }
        } else {
          this.cb.call(this.vm, value, oldValue)
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Evaluate the value of the watcher.
   * This only gets called for lazy watchers.
   */
  evaluate () {
    this.value = this.get()
    this.dirty = false
  }

  /**
   * Depend on all deps collected by this watcher.
   */
  depend () {
    let i = this.deps.length
    while (i--) {
      this.deps[i].depend()
    }
  }

  /**
   * Remove self from all dependencies' subscriber list.
   */
  teardown () {
    if (this.active) {
      // remove self from vm's watcher list
      // this is a somewhat expensive operation so we skip it
      // if the vm is being destroyed.
      if (!this.vm._isBeingDestroyed) {
        remove(this.vm._watchers, this)
      }
      let i = this.deps.length
      while (i--) {
        this.deps[i].removeSub(this)
      }
      this.active = false
    }
  }
}