fluxcd-multi-tenancy

This repository serves as a starting point for a multi-tenant cluster managed with Git, Flux and Kustomize.

I'm assuming that a multi-tenant cluster is shared by multiple teams. The cluster wide operations are performed by the cluster administrators while the namespace scoped operations are performed by various teams each with its own Git repository. That means a team member, that's not a cluster admin, can't create namespaces, custom resources definitions or change something in another team namespace.

Repositories

First you'll have to create two git repositories:

a clone of fluxcd-multi-tenancy repository for the cluster admins, I will refer to it as org/dev-cluster
a clone of fluxcd-multi-tenancy-team1 repository for the dev team1, I will refer to it as org/dev-team1

Team	Namespace	Git Repository	Flux RBAC
ADMIN	all	org/dev-cluster	Cluster wide e.g. namespaces, CRDs, Flux controllers
DEV-TEAM1	team1	org/dev-team1	Namespace scoped e.g. deployments, custom resources
DEV-TEAM2	team2	org/dev-team2	Namespace scoped e.g. ingress, services, network policies

Cluster admin repository structure:

├── .flux.yaml 
├── base
│   ├── flux
│   └── memcached
├── cluster
│   ├── common
│   │   ├── crds.yaml
│   │   └── kustomization.yaml
│   └── team1
│       ├── flux-patch.yaml
│       ├── kubeconfig.yaml
│       ├── kustomization.yaml
│       ├── namespace.yaml
│       ├── psp.yaml
│       └── rbac.yaml
├── install
└── scripts

The base folder holds the deployment spec used for installing Flux in the flux-system namespace and in the teams namespaces. All Flux instances share the same Memcached server deployed at install time in flux-system namespace.

With .flux.yaml we configure Flux to run Kustomize build on the cluster dir and deploy the generated manifests:

version: 1
commandUpdated:
  generators:
    - command: kustomize build .

Development team1 repository structure:

├── .flux.yaml 
├── flux-patch.yaml
├── kustomization.yaml
└── workloads
    ├── frontend
    │   ├── deployment.yaml
    │   ├── kustomization.yaml
    │   └── service.yaml
    └── backend
        ├── deployment.yaml
        ├── kustomization.yaml
        └── service.yaml

The workloads folder contains the desired state of the team1 namespace and the flux-patch.yaml contains the Flux annotations that define how the container images should be updated.

With .flux.yaml we configure Flux to run Kustomize build, apply the container update policies and deploy the generated manifests:

version: 1
patchUpdated:
  generators:
    - command: kustomize build .
  patchFile: flux-patch.yaml

Install the cluster admin Flux

In the dev-cluster repo, change the git URL to point to your fork:

vim ./install/flux-patch.yaml

--git-url=git@github.com:org/dev-cluster

Install the cluster wide Flux with kubectl kustomize:

kubectl apply -k ./install/

Get the public SSH key with:

fluxctl --k8s-fwd-ns=flux-system identity

Add the public key to the github.com:org/dev-cluster repository deploy keys with write access.

The cluster wide Flux will do the following:

creates the cluster objects from cluster/common directory (CRDs, cluster roles, etc)
creates the team1 namespace and deploys a Flux instance with restricted access to that namespace

Install a Flux per team

Change the dev team1 git URL:

vim ./cluster/team1/flux-patch.yaml

--git-url=git@github.com:org/dev-team1

When you commit your changes, the system Flux will configure the team1's Flux to sync with org/dev-team1 repository.

Get the public SSH key for team1 with:

fluxctl --k8s-fwd-ns=team1 identity

Add the public key to the github.com:org/dev-team1 deploy keys with write access. The team1's Flux will apply the manifests from org/dev-team1 repository only in the team1 namespace, this is enforced with RBAC and role bindings.

If team1 needs to deploy a controller that depends on a CRD or a cluster role, they'll have to open a PR in the org/dev-clusterrepository and add those cluster wide objects in the cluster/common directory.

The team1's Flux instance can be customised with different options than the system Flux using the cluster/team1/flux-patch.yaml.

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: flux
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: flux
          args:
            - --manifest-generation=true
            - --memcached-hostname=flux-memcached.flux-system
            - --memcached-service=
            - --git-poll-interval=5m
            - --sync-interval=5m
            - --ssh-keygen-dir=/var/fluxd/keygen
            - --k8s-allow-namespace=team1
            - --git-url=git@github.com:org/dev-team1
            - --git-branch=master

The k8s-allow-namespace restricts Flux discovery mechanism to a single namespace.

Install Flagger

Flagger is a progressive delivery Kubernetes operator that can be used to automate Canary, A/B testing and Blue/Green deployments.

You can deploy Flagger by including its manifests in the cluster/kustomization.yaml file:

bases:
  - ./flagger/
  - ./common/
  - ./team1/

Commit the changes to git and wait for system Flux to install Flagger and Prometheus:

fluxctl --k8s-fwd-ns=flux-system sync

kubectl -n flagger-system get po
NAME                                  READY   STATUS
flagger-64c6945d5b-4zgvh              1/1     Running
flagger-prometheus-6f6b558b7c-22kw5   1/1     Running

A team member can now push canary objects to org/dev-team1 repository and Flagger will automate the deployment process.

Flagger can notify your teams when a canary deployment has been initialised, when a new revision has been detected and if the canary analysis failed or succeeded.

You can enable Slack notifications by editing the cluster/flagger/flagger-patch.yaml file:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: flagger
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: flagger
          args:
            - -mesh-provider=kubernetes
            - -metrics-server=http://flagger-prometheus:9090
            - -slack-user=flagger
            - -slack-channel=alerts
            - -slack-url=https://hooks.slack.com/services/YOUR/SLACK/WEBHOOK

Enforce pod security policies per team

With pod security policies a cluster admin can define a set of conditions that a pod must run with in order to be accepted into the system.

For example you can forbid a team from creating privileged containers or use the host network.

Edit the team1 pod security policy cluster/team1/psp.yaml:

apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
  name: default-psp-team1
  annotations:
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: '*'
spec:
  privileged: false
  hostIPC: false
  hostNetwork: false
  hostPID: false
  allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  allowedCapabilities:
    - '*'
  fsGroup:
    rule: RunAsAny
  runAsUser:
    rule: RunAsAny
  seLinux:
    rule: RunAsAny
  supplementalGroups:
    rule: RunAsAny
  volumes:
    - '*'

Set privileged, hostIPC, hostNetwork and hostPID to false and commit the change to git. From this moment on, team1 will not be able to run containers with an elevated security context under the default service account.

If a team member adds a privileged container definition in the org/dev-team1 repository, Kubernetes will deny it:

kubectl -n team1 describe replicasets podinfo-5d7d9fc9d5

Error creating: pods "podinfo-5d7d9fc9d5-" is forbidden: unable to validate against any pod security policy:
[spec.containers[0].securityContext.privileged: Invalid value: true: Privileged containers are not allowed]

Enforce custom policies per team

Gatekeeper is a validating webhook that enforces CRD-based policies executed by Open Policy Agent.

You can deploy Gatekeeper by including its manifests in the cluster/kustomization.yaml file:

bases:
  - ./gatekeeper/
  - ./flagger/
  - ./common/
  - ./team1/

Inside the gatekeeper dir there is a constraint template that instructs OPA to reject Kubernetes deployments if no container resources are specified.

Enable the constraint for team1 by editing the cluster/gatekeeper/constraints.yaml file:

apiVersion: constraints.gatekeeper.sh/v1alpha1
kind: ContainerResources
metadata:
  name: containerresources
spec:
  match:
    namespaces:
      - team1
    kinds:
      - apiGroups: ["apps"]
        kinds: ["Deployment"]

Commit the changes to git and wait for system Flux to install Gatekeeper and apply the constraints:

fluxctl --k8s-fwd-ns=flux-system sync

watch kubectl -n gatekeeper-system get po

If a team member adds a deployment without CPU or memory resources in the org/dev-team1 repository, Gatekeeper will deny it:

kubectl -n team1 logs deploy/flux

admission webhook "validation.gatekeeper.sh" denied the request: 
[denied by containerresources] container <podinfo> has no memory requests
[denied by containerresources] container <sidecar> has no memory limits

Add a new team/namespace/repository

If you want to add another team to the cluster, first create a git repository as github.com:org/dev-team2.

Run the create team script:

./scripts/create-team.sh team2

team2 created at cluster/team2/
team2 added to cluster/kustomization.yaml

Change the git URL in cluster/team2 dir:

vim ./cluster/team2/flux-patch.yaml

--git-url=git@github.com:org/dev-team2

Push the changes to the master branch of org/dev-cluster and sync with the cluster:

fluxctl --k8s-fwd-ns=flux-system sync

Get the team2 public SSH key with:

fluxctl --k8s-fwd-ns=team2 identity

Add the public key to the github.com:org/dev-team2 repository deploy keys with write access. The team2's Flux will apply the manifests from org/dev-team2 repository only in the team2 namespace.

Isolate tenants

With this setup, Flux will prevent a team member from altering cluster level objects or other team's workloads.

In order to harden the tenant isolation, a cluster admin should consider using:

resource quotas (limit the compute resources that can be requested by a team)
network policies (restrict cross namespace traffic)
pod security policies (prevent running privileged containers or host network and filesystem usage)
Open Policy Agent admission controller (enforce custom policies on Kubernetes objects)

Getting Help

If you have any questions about Flux and GitOps:

Invite yourself to the CNCF community slack and ask a question on the #flux channel.
To be part of the conversation about Flux's development, join the flux-dev mailing list.
Join the Weave User Group and get invited to online talks, hands-on training and meetups in your area.

moosh3 / multi-tenancy