The United States Web Design System includes a library of open source UI components and a visual style guide for U.S. federal government websites.
This repository is for the design system code itself. We maintain another repository for the documentation and website. To see the design system and its documentation on the web, visit https://designsystem.digital.gov.
- Background
- Recent updates
- Getting started
- Using the design system
- CSS architecture
- JS customization
- Customization, theming, and tokens
- Where things live
- Browser support
- Accessibility
- Fractal
- Need installation help?
- Contributing to the code base
- Reuse of open-source style guides
- Licenses and attribution
USWDS components and style guide follow industry-standard accessibility guidelines and use the best practices of existing style libraries and modern web design. The U.S. Digital Service and 18F created USWDS for designers and developers. USWDS is a project of GSA’s Technology Transformation Service, maintained by the Office of Products and Programs. They are designed for use by government product teams who want to create beautiful, easy-to-use online experiences for the public. To learn more about the project, check out this blog post and to view websites and applications check out our list here.
Information about the most recent release of the design system can always be found in the release history. We include details about significant updates and any backwards incompatible changes along with a list of all changes.
We’re glad you’d like to use the design system — here’s how you can get started:
- Designers: Check out our Getting Started for Designers information.
- Developers: Follow the instructions in this README to get started.
How you implement the design system depends on the needs of your project and your workstyle. We recommend implementing the design system with npm
, but we also provide a direct download if npm
will not work for you or your project.
-
Download the design system if you are not familiar with
npm
and package management. -
Use the design system
npm
package if you are familiar with usingnpm
and package management.
-
Download the USWDS zip file from the latest USWDS release and open that file.
After extracting the zip file you should see the following file and folder structure:
uswds-2.0.1/ ├── css/ │ ├── uswds.min.css.map │ ├── uswds.min.css │ └── uswds.css ├── fonts/ ├── img/ ├── js/ │ ├── uswds.min.js.map │ ├── uswds.min.js │ └── uswds.js └── scss/
-
Copy these files and folders into a relevant place in your project's code base. Here is an example structure for how this might look:
example-project/ ├── assets/ │ ├── uswds-2.0.1/ │ ├── stylesheets/ │ ├── images/ │ └── javascript/ └── index.html
You'll notice in our example above that we also outline a
stylesheets
,images
andjavascript
folder in yourassets
folder. These folders are to help organize any assets that are unique to your project and separate from the design system assets. -
Reference the CSS and JavaScript files in each HTML page or dynamic templates in your project. We also provide Sass (.scss) files in the zip package which you can use to generate new CSS with project-specific settings. See Sass for more information.
Here is an example of how to reference these assets in your
index.html
file:<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <title>My Example Project</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/uswds-2.0.1/css/uswds.min.css"> </head> <body> <script src="assets/uswds-2.0.1/js/uswds.min.js"></script> </body> </html>
We offer both the CSS and the JavaScript in two versions — minified and un-minified. (In the examples above, we are using the minified files.) Use the minified files in a production environment or to reduce the file size of your downloaded assets. Use the un-minified files if you are in a development environment or would like to debug the CSS or JavaScript assets in the browser.
And that’s it — you should now be able to copy our code samples into your index.html
and start using the design system.
npm
is a package manager for Node-based projects. USWDS maintains a uswds
package that includes both the pre-compiled and compiled files — just like the direct download. npm
packages make it easy to update and install the design system from the command line.
-
Install
Node/npm
. Below is a link to find the install method that coincides with your operating system:- Node v10.15.1, Installation guides
Note for Windows users: If you are using Windows and are unfamiliar with
Node
ornpm
, we recommend following Team Treehouse's tutorial for more information. -
Make sure you have installed it correctly:
npm -v 6.4.1 # This line may vary depending on what version of Node you've installed.
-
Create a
package.json
file. You can do this manually, but an easier method is to use thenpm init
command. This command will prompt you with a few questions to create yourpackage.json
file. -
Add
uswds
to your project’spackage.json
:npm install --save uswds@latest
The uswds
module is now installed as a dependency. You can use the un-compiled files found in the node_modules/uswds/dist/
directory.
node_modules/uswds/
├── dist/
│ ├── css/
│ ├── fonts/
│ ├── img/
│ ├── js/
│ └── scss/
Note: We do not recommend directly editing the design system files in node_modules
. One of the benefits of using a package manager is its ease of upgrade and installation. If you make customizations to the files in the package, any upgrade or re-installation will wipe them out.
If you want to take full advantage of USWDS custom settings and add build new styles and components with the USWDS toolset, you'll need a way to access the assets in the USWDS package and compile custom CSS from the USWDS source files.
USWDS uses the task manager Gulp as a way to add USWDS assets to a project and compile our CSS from the package source. Gulp is a useful and powerful tool, but it can be difficult to set up if you are new to it.
The uswds-gulp
repo is made for developers new to Gulp or those who just want a simple setup to get started quickly. The repo contains files and instructions for installing Gulp 4.0 in your project, initializing USWDS, and compiling CSS from the source files.
The design system is customizable using the power of Sass (Syntactically Awesome Style Sheets). The critical files you'll need in your project are those in dist/scss/theme
:
scss
├── components/
├── core/
├── elements/
├── lib/
├── packages/
├── settings/
├── theme/
│ ├── _uswds-theme-color.scss
│ ├── _uswds-theme-components.scss
│ ├── _uswds-theme-custom-styles.scss
│ ├── _uswds-theme-general.scss
│ ├── _uswds-theme-spacing.scss
│ ├── _uswds-theme-typography.scss
│ ├── _uswds-theme-utilities.scss
│ ├── styles.scss
_uswds-theme-color.scss
: theme color settings_uswds-theme-components.scss
: theme component settings_uswds-theme-custom-styles.scss
: additional project CSS for customizing or adding to what USWDS provides_uswds-theme-general.scss
: General theme settings_uswds-theme-spacing.scss
: Theme spacing settings_uswds-theme-typography.scss
: Theme typography settings_uswds-theme-utilities.scss
: Utility class output settingsstyles.scss
: The primary Sass file that you'll compile. It collects theme settings, USWDS source files, and custom CSS
styles.css
looks something like the following code. It adds all the project theme settings, then adds USWDS source, and finally adds your project's custom styles:
@import 'uswds-theme-general';
@import 'uswds-theme-typography';
@import 'uswds-theme-spacing';
@import 'uswds-theme-color';
@import 'uswds-theme-utilities';
@import 'uswds';
@import 'uswds-theme-custom-styles';
Technical note: The @import 'uswds'
statement above needs to reference the uswds.scss
file in node_modules/uswds/dist/scss
. The gulpfile in uswds-gulp
is set up to do this automatically, using gulp-sass
and includePaths
.
The design system requires both autoprefixing and media query packing to work properly. These are included in the uswds-gulp
package.
- autoprefixing uses a service like gulp-autoprefixer to automatically add vendor prefixes to the precompiled stylesheets. Don't add vendor prefixes to your custom styles manually — it is more reliable to use autoprefixing. We use the following autoprefixer settings:
'> 2%','Last 2 versions', 'IE 11'
- media query packing collects all similar media queries together at the end of the compiled stylesheet. USWDS and
uswds-gulp
usecss-mqpacker
. This is necessary to provide the proper cascade and specificity for utility classes. If you are not implementing utility classes, media query packing may not be necessary — but it it still a good idea.
Additionally, we recommend using a minifier like cssnano
to compress your final compiled CSS and sourcemaps like gulp-sourcemaps
to keep track of the location of all the source Sass for easier debugging.
require('uswds')
will load all of USWDS’s JavaScript onto the page. Add this line to whatever initializer you use to load JavaScript into your application.
If you’re using another framework or package manager that doesn’t support npm
, you can find the source files in this repository and use them in your project. Otherwise, we recommend that you follow the download instructions. Please note that the core team isn’t responsible for all frameworks’ implementations.
If you’re interested in maintaining a package that helps us distribute USWDS, the project’s build system can help you create distribution bundles to use in your project. Please read our contributing guidelines to locally build distributions for your framework or package manager.
- The CSS foundation of this site is built with the Sass preprocessor language.
- The CSS organization and naming conventions follow 18F’s CSS Front End Guide.
- CSS selectors are prefixed with
usa
(For example:.usa-button
). This identifier helps the design system avoid conflicts with other styles on a site which are not part of USWDS. - Uses a BEM approach for naming CSS selectors. Blocks are separated from elements with two underscores (
__
). Multi-word blocks use single hyphens instead of spaces. Modifier classes are additive — proper markup requires the base class and the modifier class or classes. Modifier classes consist of the base class plus a modifier suffix, separated by two hyphens (--
) as in.usa-button.usa-button--secondary
orusa-accordion.usa-accordion--bordered
. - Uses modular CSS for scalable, modular, and flexible code.
- Uses nesting when appropriate. Nest minimally with up to two levels of nesting.
- Hard-coded magic numbers are avoided.
- Media queries are built mobile first.
- Spacing units are set with the
units()
function as described in the USWDS 2.0 documentation. In general, we use spacing in multiples of8px
— expressed as a multiple inunits([multiple])
. For instanceunits(2)
is the equivalent of2 * 8px
or16px
. In the final, compiled CSS, this value will be expressed in rem, as a multiple of the base font size set with$theme-base-font-size
.
For more information, visit: 18F’s CSS Front End Guide
Unfortunately, customizing the JavaScript for the USWDS currently requires NodeJS and a module bundler like Browserify or Webpack. We apologize for this inconvenience, and are working to resolve it in a future release of the design system.
The JavaScript for the USWDS is separated into components in the same manner as the visual interface which is all initialized with event handlers when the DOM is ready. These components are accessible as CommonJS modules that can be required in other JavaScript files which then must be built for the browser. The components are currently not accessible in the global browser scope, but can be extended to be included by requiring components
and setting it to a global scope:
window.uswds = require('./components');
Each component has a standardized interface that can be used to extend it further. The components store a HTML class name (e.g. .usa-accordion__button[aria-controls]
) that's used to link HTML elements with the JS component, so when a component is initialized, it will search through the current HTML DOM finding all elements that match its class and inialize the component JavaScript for those elements. The primary methods each component has are as follows:
on
: Initialize a component's JavaScript behavior by passing the root element, such aswindow.document
.off
: The opposite ofon
, de-initializes a component, removing any JavaScript event handlers on the component.hide
: Hide the whole component.show
: Shows a whole, hidden component.toggle
: Toggles the visibility of a component on and off based on the previous state.
Some components have additional methods for manipulating specific aspects of them based on what they are and what they do. These can be found in the component's JS file.
USWDS 2.0 provides extensive support for theming via its theme settings files introduced in Sass and theme settings, above.
Set theme settings with USWDS style tokens, not with values directly. They tend to be quoted strings like 'desktop'
or 'md'
or unitless numbers like 2
or -1.5
. Tokens are the values passed into the USWDS functions and mixins that parse them. They are the keys that, through the mechanism of a function or mixin, unlock a value — they are not the values themselves.
Visit the Style tokens section of USWDS 2.0 documentation for more on the available tokens for color, spacing units, typescale, and more.
The following is an example of theme settings from _uswds-theme-spacing.scss
:
$theme-site-max-width: 'desktop';
$theme-site-margins-breakpoint: 'desktop';
$theme-site-margins-width: 4;
$theme-site-margins-mobile-width: 2;
The USWDS uses those tokens to build component styles:
.usa-example {
@include u-padding-x($theme-site-margins-mobile-width);
max-width: units($theme-site-max-width);
@include at-media($theme-site-margins-breakpoint) {
@include u-padding-x($theme-site-margins-width);
}
}
This is the functional equivalent of:
.usa-example {
@include u-padding-x(2);
max-width: units('desktop');
@include at-media('desktop') {
@include u-padding-x(4);
}
}
Which, if $theme-respect-user-font-size
is set to true
would output something like:
.usa-example {
padding-left: 1rem;
padding-right: 1rem;
max-width: 64rem;
}
@media screen and (min-width: 64em) {
.usa-example {
padding-left: 2rem;
padding-right: 2rem;
}
}
In general, USWDS sets variables with tokens, and passes those variables into functions and mixins in the source Sass.
The values of $theme-font-path
and $theme-image-path
will be appended to USWDS font paths and image paths, respectively:
$theme-font-path: '../fonts';
$theme-image-path: '../img';
- HTML markup for the components is located in:
src/components
in the site root. These, however, are written in the templating language Nunjucks. It's best to get HTML source markup directly from v2.designsystem.digital.gov/components - Sass stylesheets are located in:
dist/scss/ (/core, /elements, /components)
. Compiled CSS is located in the downloadable zip file. - JS is located in:
src/js (/components, /utils)
. - Fonts are located in:
dist/fonts
. - Images and icons are located in:
dist/img
.
We’ve designed the design system to support older and newer browsers through progressive enhancement. The current major version of the design system (2.0) follows the 2% rule: we officially support any browser above 2% usage as observed by analytics.usa.gov. Currently, this means that the design system version 2.0 supports the newest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Internet Explorer 11 and up.
The design system also meets the WCAG 2.0 AA accessibility guidelines and conforms to the standards of Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act. We’re happy to answer questions about accessibility — email us for more information.
We're using Fractal to generate an interactive component library for the design system. You can run it locally after npm install
with:
npm start
Then, visit http://localhost:3000/ to see the design system in action.
Optional: To re-build when code changes are made, run the following command from the project directory in a separate terminal window:
npm run watch
Many of our Fractal view templates are compatible with Nunjucks (for JavaScript/Node), Jinja (Python), and Twig (PHP) out of the box. Components that reference other components use a Fractal-specific {% render %}
tag that will either need to be implemented in other environments or replaced with the appropriate {% include %}
tags.
Version 1.x is in maintenence mode and will be supporting critical bug fixes through January 2020.
Do you have questions or need help with setup? Did you run into any weird errors while following these instructions? Feel free to open an issue here:
https://github.com/uswds/uswds/issues.
You can also email us directly at uswds@gsa.gov.
For complete instructions on how to contribute code, please read CONTRIBUTING.md. These instructions also include guidance on how to set up your own copy of the design system style guide website for development.
If you would like to learn more about our workflow process, check out the Workflow and Issue label Glossary pages on the wiki.
If you have questions or concerns about our contributing workflow, please contact us by filing a GitHub issue or emailing our team.
Much of the guidance in USWDS leans on open source designs, code, and patterns from other civic and government organizations, including:
- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s Design Manual
- U.S. Patent and Trademark Office’s Design Patterns
- Healthcare.gov Style Guide
- UK’s Government Digital Service’s UI Elements
- Code for America’s Chime Styleguide
- Pivotal Labs Component Library
A few parts of this project are not in the public domain. Attribution and licensing information for those parts are described in detail in LICENSE.md.
The rest of this project is in the worldwide public domain, released under the CC0 1.0 Universal public domain dedication.
All contributions to this project will be released under the CC0 dedication alongside the public domain portions of this project. For more information, see CONTRIBUTING.md.