Welcome to Umka!

Umka is a statically typed embeddable scripting language. It combines the simplicity and flexibility needed for scripting with a compile-time protection against type errors. Its aim is to follow the Python Zen principle Explicit is better than implicit more consistently than dynamically typed languages generally do.

Features

Clean syntax inspired by Go
Cross-platform bytecode compiler and virtual machine
Garbage collection
Polymorphism via interfaces
Multitasking based on fibers
Type inference
Distribution as a dynamic library with a simple C API
C99 source

Performance

Due to the efficient for loop implementation and support for static data structures, Umka demonstrates high performance in multidimensional array operations and similar tasks.

400 x 400 matrix multiplication (AMD A4-3300M @ 1.9 GHz, Windows 7)

Getting Started

Download the latest release for Windows and Linux
Take a tour of Umka
Read the language specification
Explore the raytracer example that demonstrates many language features like fibers, interfaces and dynamic arrays
Play with the toy Lisp interpreter written in Umka
Try the more realistic C+Umka embedded scripting example (Note: raylib is required to compile and run it)
If you are familiar with Go, read about the differences
Look at the language grammar to better understand Umka capabilities

Raytracer example

C+Umka 3D camera example

A Tour of Umka

Hello

fn main() {
    printf("Hello Umka!\n")
}

Declarations

Constants

const a = 3
const b* = 2.38                         // Exported identifier
const (
    c = sin(b) / 5
    d = "Hello" + " World"
)

Types

type IntPtr = ^uint16                   // Pointer
type Arr = [a]real                      // Array
type (
    DynArr = [][5]int                   // Dynamic array
    String = str                        // String
    Quat = struct {                     // Structure
        q: [4]real
        normalized: bool
    }
    Printable = interface {             // Interface
        print(): int
    }
    ErrFn = fn(code: int)               // Function
)

Variables

var e: int
var f: String = d + "!"
var (
    g: Arr = [3]real{2.3, -4.1 / 2, b}
    h: DynArr
)
q := Quat{q: [4]real{1, 0, 0, 0}, normalized: true}

Functions

fn tan(x: real): real {return sin(x) / cos(x)}
fn getValue(): (int, bool) {return 42, true}

Methods

fn (a: ^Arr) print(): int {
    printf("Arr: %s\n", repr(a^))
    return 0
}

Statements

Assignment

h = make([][5]int, 3)          // Dynamic arrays are initialized with make()

Declaration via assignment (with type inference)

sum := 0.0

Function call

y := tan(30 * std.pi / 180)
h = append(h, [5]int{10, 20, 30, 40, 50})
h = delete(h, 1)

Method call

g.print()

Conditional

if x, ok := getValue(); ok {
    std.println("Got " + repr(x))
}

Switch

switch a {
    case 1, 3, 5, 7: std.println(std.itoa(a) + " is odd")
    case 2, 4, 6, 8: std.println(std.itoa(a) + " is even")
    default:         std.println("I don't know")
}

Loop

    for k := 1; k <= 128; k *= 2 {
        std.println(repr(k))
    }
    
    for i, x in g {
        if fabs(x) > 1e12 {break}
        if x < 0 {continue}
        sum += x
    }

Multitasking

fn childFunc(parent: ^fiber, buf: ^int) {
    for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
        std.println("Child : i=" + std.itoa(i) + " buf=" + std.itoa(buf^))
        buf^ = i * 3
        fibercall(parent)
    }
}

fn parentFunc() {
    a := 0
    child := fiberspawn(childFunc, &a)    
    for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
        std.println("Parent: i=" + std.itoa(i) + " buf=" + std.itoa(a))
        a = i * 7
        if fiberalive(child) {
            fibercall(child)
        }
    }    
}

Functional tools

import "../import/fnc.um"

fn main() {
    var data: fnc.AnyArray = [6]fnc.Any{3, 7, 1, -4, 2, 5}
    printf("Array = %s\n", repr(data))
     
    sqr  := fn (x, ctx: fnc.Any): fnc.Any    {p := ^int(x); return p^ * p^}
    less := fn (x, ctx: fnc.Any): bool       {p := ^int(x); q := ^int(ctx); return p^ < q^} 
    sum  := fn (x, y, ctx: fnc.Any): fnc.Any {p := ^int(x); q := ^int(y); return p^ + q^}     
    
    const max = 30     
    result := data.map(sqr, null).filter(less, max).reduce(sum, null)    
    printf("Sum of all squares less than %d = %s\n", max, repr(result))       
}

Umka vs Go

Purpose

While Go is a compiled systems programming language with a complex runtime library and big output binaries, Umka is a scripting language with a lightweight interpreter that can be easily embedded into any application as a shared library.

Syntax

Umka is very similar to Go syntactically. However, in some aspects it's different. It has shorter keywords: fn for func, str for string, in for range. For better readability, it requires a : between variable names and type in declarations. It doesn't follow the unfortunate C tradition of pointer dereferencing. Instead of *p, it uses the Pascal syntax p^. As the * character is no longer used for pointers, it becomes the export mark, like in Oberon, so that a programmer can freely use upper/lower case letters in identifiers according to his/her own style. Type assertions don't have any special syntax; they look like pointer type casts.

Semantics

Umka allows implicit type casts and supports default parameters in function declarations. It doesn't have slices. Instead, it supports dynamic arrays, which are declared like Go's slices and initialized by calling make(). Method receivers must be pointers. The multithreading model in Umka is inspired by Lua and Wren rather than Go. It offers lightweight threads called fibers instead of goroutines and channels. The garbage collection mechanism is based on reference counting, so Umka needs to support weak pointers. Maps, closures and Unicode support are under development.

felix-lang / umka-lang