crypto/x509: Verify panics on certificates with an unknown public key algorithm [CVE-2024-24783]

[EKS Distro PR Bot]

Verifying a certificate chain which contains a certificate with an unknown public
key algorithm will cause Certificate.Verify to panic.

This affects all crypto/tls clients, and servers that set Config.ClientAuth to
VerifyClientCertIfGiven or RequireAndVerifyClientCert. The default behavior is
for TLS servers to not verify client certificates.

Thanks to John Howard (Google) for reporting this issue. This is CVE-2024-24783.

/cc @golang/security and @golang/release

[Cameron Rozean]

Fixed in 1.20: #1367