Port the `Clifford` and `StabilizerState` classes to Rust

[Shelly Garion]

What should we add?

This would have two benefits over the current Python code:

• It may make the move of the relevant synthesis code more efficient (see issues #12232, #12233, #12234, #12235, #12236, #12237, #12241, #12242, #12243)

• The rust code may be more efficient than Aer's C++ stabilizer simulator, and so it may replace it if needed